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BACT 211 > P1 | Taxonomy and Classification (LECTURE) > Flashcards

P1 | Taxonomy and Classification (LECTURE) Flashcards

1
Q

the science of classifying living
things

  • involves 3 structure & interrelated categories
A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

What is the meaning of the Greek words ‘taxes’ and ‘nomos’?

A

taxes: arrangement
nomos: law

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3
Q

is the assignment of scientific
names to the various taxonomic categories and
individual organisms.

A
  1. Nomenclature
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4
Q

attempts the orderly
arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa
(categories).

  • based on their similarities or relationships
A
  1. Classification
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5
Q

is the process of discovering and recording the traits or organisms so that they may be
recognized or named and placed in an overall
taxonomic scheme.

A
  1. Identification
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6
Q
  • a Swedish botanist
  • laid down the basic rules for classification and established taxonomic categories, or taxa
  • also known as Linnaeus
A

Carl von Linné (1701-1778)

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7
Q

How are animals classified?

A
  1. Species (species)
  2. Genus (genera)
  3. Family (Families)
  4. Order (orders)
  5. Class (classes)
  6. Phylum (Phyla)
  7. Kingdom (Kingdoms)
  8. Domain (Domains)
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8
Q

“Whittaker’s tree”

  • based on structural similarities and differences, such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular organization, and the way
    these organisms obtained their nutrition.
A

Robert Whittaker

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9
Q

devised a Three-Domain System of Classification

A

Carl R. Woese

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10
Q

two domains of procaryotes

A
  1. Archaea and Bacteria
  2. Eucarya or Eukarya (includes all eucaryotic organisms.
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11
Q

first living cells

A

Ancestral Cell Line

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12
Q

Domain Bacteria

A
  1. Cyanobacteria
  2. Chlamydias Spirochetes
  3. Gram-positive bacteria
  4. Endospore producers
  5. Gram-negative bacteria
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13
Q

Domain Archaea

A
  1. Methane producers
  2. Prokaryotes that live in extreme salt
  3. Prokaryotes that live in extreme heat
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14
Q

Domain Eukarya

A
  1. Eukaryotes

(plants, animals, fungi, protozoa)

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15
Q

provides the accepted labels by which organisms are universally recognized.

A

International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
(ICNB) or the Bacteriological Code (BC)

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16
Q

Binomial system of nomenclature

A

every organism is assigned a genus and a species of Latin or Greek derivation.

Each organism has a scientific “label” consisting
of two parts:
1. Genus - the first letter is always CAPITALIZED
2. Species - first letter is always lower case.

  • printed in italics or underlined in script
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17
Q

relate to an organism’s genetic
makeup, including the nature of the organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids

A

Genotypic characteristics

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18
Q

are based on features beyond the genetic level and include both readily observable characteristics and characteristics that may require extensive analytic procedures to be detected

A

Phenotypic characteristics

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19
Q

Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Organization

A
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20
Q

Typical Size for Prokaryote and Eukaryote

A

(Prokaryote)
0.4-2 μm in diameter
0.5-5 μm in length

(Eukaryote)
10-100 μm in diameter
> 10 μm in length

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21
Q

Nucleus characteristic for Prokaryote

A

No nuclear membrane; nucleoid region of the cytosol

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22
Q

Nucleus characteristic for Eukaryote

A

Classic membrane-bound nucleus

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23
Q

Genome location for Prokaryote

A

attached to the mesosome (plasma membrane) in the nucleoid, at the mesosome

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24
Q

Genome location for Eukaryote

A

In the nucleus

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25
Q

Chromosomal DNA for Prokaryote

A

Circular; complexed with RNA

26
Q

Chromosomal DNA for Eukaryote

A

Linear; complexed with basic histones and other proteins

27
Q

Genome: extrachromosomal circular DNA for Prokaryote

A

Plasmids, small circular molecule of DNA containing accessory information; most commonly found in gram-negative bacteria; each carries genes for its own replication; can confer resistance to antibiotics

28
Q

Genome: extrachromosomal circular DNA for Eukaryote

A

In mitochondria and chloroplasts

29
Q

Reproduction for Prokaryote

A

Asexual (binary fission)

30
Q

Reproduction for Eukaryote

A

Sexual and Asexual

31
Q

Membrane bound organelles for prokaryote

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

32
Q

Membrane bound organelles for Eukaryote

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

33
Q

Golgi bodies for prokaryote

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

absent in all

34
Q

Golgi bodies for Eukaryotes

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

present in some

35
Q

Lysosomes for prokaryotes

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

absent in all

36
Q

Lysosomes for Eukaryotes

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

present in some; contain hydrolytic enzymes

37
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum for prokaryotes

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

absent in all

38
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum for Eukaryotes

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

Present in all; lipid synthesis, transport

39
Q

Mitochondria for prokaryotes

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

absent in all

40
Q

Mitochondria for Eukaryotes

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

present in most

41
Q

Nucleus for prokaryotes

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

absent in all

42
Q

Nucleus for Eukaryotes

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

present in all

43
Q

Chloroplasts for photosynthesis (prokaryotes)

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

absent in all

44
Q

Chloroplasts for photosynthesis (Eukaryotes)

A

present in algae and plants

45
Q

Ribosomes; site of protein synthesis (non-membranous)

(Prokaryotes)

A

Present in all

46
Q

Ribosomes; site of protein synthesis (non-membranous)

(Eukaryotes)

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

Present in all

47
Q

Sterols in cytoplasmic membrane for prokaryotes

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

absent in mycoplasma spp.

48
Q

Sterols in cytoplasmic membrane for Eukaryotes

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

49
Q

Plasma membrane

(prokaryotes)

A

lacks carbohydrates

50
Q

Plasma membrane

(eukaryotes)

A

also contains glycolipids and glycoproteins

51
Q

Cell wall, if present

(prokaryotes)

A

peptidoglycan in most bacteria

peptidoglycan - can be seen in the cell wall of prokaryote

52
Q

Cell wall, if present

(Eukaryotes)

A

cellulose, phenolic polymers, lignin (plants), chitin (fungi), other glycans (algae)

53
Q

Glycocalyx

(prokaryotes)

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

present in most as an organized capsule or unorganized slime layer

54
Q

Glycocalyx

(Eukaryotes)

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

present; some animal cells

55
Q

Cilia

(prokaryotes)

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

56
Q

Cilia

(Eukaryotes)

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

A

present; see description of flagella

57
Q

Flagella, if present

(prokaryotes)

A

simple flagella; composed of polymers of flagellin; movement by rotary action at the base; spirochetes have MTs.

(+) motile
(-) non-motile

58
Q

Flagella, if present

(Eukaryotes)

A

Complex cilia or flagella; composed of MTs and polymers of tubulin with dynein connecting MTs; movement sliding microtubules

59
Q

Pili and fimbriae

(prokaryotes)

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

60
Q

Pili and fimbriae

(Eukaryotes)

(present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)

BACT 211 (8 decks)

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