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BACT 211 > P1 | Taxonomy and Classification (LECTURE) > Flashcards

P1 | Taxonomy and Classification (LECTURE) Flashcards

1
Q

the science of classifying living
things

  • involves 3 structure & interrelated categories
A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

What is the meaning of the Greek words ‘taxes’ and ‘nomos’?

A

taxes: arrangement
nomos: law

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3
Q

is the assignment of scientific
names to the various taxonomic categories and
individual organisms.

A
  1. Nomenclature
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4
Q

attempts the orderly
arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa
(categories).

  • based on their similarities or relationships
A
  1. Classification
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5
Q

is the process of discovering and recording the traits or organisms so that they may be
recognized or named and placed in an overall
taxonomic scheme.

A
  1. Identification
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6
Q
  • a Swedish botanist
  • laid down the basic rules for classification and established taxonomic categories, or taxa
  • also known as Linnaeus
A

Carl von Linné (1701-1778)

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7
Q

How are animals classified?

A
  1. Species (species)
  2. Genus (genera)
  3. Family (Families)
  4. Order (orders)
  5. Class (classes)
  6. Phylum (Phyla)
  7. Kingdom (Kingdoms)
  8. Domain (Domains)
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8
Q

“Whittaker’s tree”

  • based on structural similarities and differences, such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular organization, and the way
    these organisms obtained their nutrition.
A

Robert Whittaker

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9
Q

devised a Three-Domain System of Classification

A

Carl R. Woese

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10
Q

two domains of procaryotes

A
  1. Archaea and Bacteria
  2. Eucarya or Eukarya (includes all eucaryotic organisms.
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11
Q

first living cells

A

Ancestral Cell Line

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12
Q

Domain Bacteria

A
  1. Cyanobacteria
  2. Chlamydias Spirochetes
  3. Gram-positive bacteria
  4. Endospore producers
  5. Gram-negative bacteria
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13
Q

Domain Archaea

A
  1. Methane producers
  2. Prokaryotes that live in extreme salt
  3. Prokaryotes that live in extreme heat
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14
Q

Domain Eukarya

A
  1. Eukaryotes

(plants, animals, fungi, protozoa)

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15
Q

provides the accepted labels by which organisms are universally recognized.

A

International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
(ICNB) or the Bacteriological Code (BC)

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16
Q

Binomial system of nomenclature

A

every organism is assigned a genus and a species of Latin or Greek derivation.

Each organism has a scientific “label” consisting
of two parts:
1. Genus - the first letter is always CAPITALIZED
2. Species - first letter is always lower case.

  • printed in italics or underlined in script
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17
Q

relate to an organism’s genetic
makeup, including the nature of the organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids

A

Genotypic characteristics

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18
Q

are based on features beyond the genetic level and include both readily observable characteristics and characteristics that may require extensive analytic procedures to be detected

A

Phenotypic characteristics

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19
Q

Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Organization

A
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20
Q

Typical Size for Prokaryote and Eukaryote

A

(Prokaryote)
0.4-2 μm in diameter
0.5-5 μm in length

(Eukaryote)
10-100 μm in diameter
> 10 μm in length

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21
Q

Nucleus characteristic for Prokaryote

A

No nuclear membrane; nucleoid region of the cytosol

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22
Q

Nucleus characteristic for Eukaryote

A

Classic membrane-bound nucleus

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23
Q

Genome location for Prokaryote

A

attached to the mesosome (plasma membrane) in the nucleoid, at the mesosome

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24
Q

Genome location for Eukaryote

A

In the nucleus

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25
Chromosomal DNA for Prokaryote
Circular; complexed with RNA
26
Chromosomal DNA for Eukaryote
Linear; complexed with basic histones and other proteins
27
Genome: extrachromosomal circular DNA for Prokaryote
Plasmids, small circular molecule of DNA containing accessory information; most commonly found in gram-negative bacteria; each carries genes for its own replication; can confer resistance to antibiotics
28
Genome: extrachromosomal circular DNA for Eukaryote
In mitochondria and chloroplasts
29
Reproduction for Prokaryote
Asexual (binary fission)
30
Reproduction for Eukaryote
Sexual and Asexual
31
Membrane bound organelles for prokaryote (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
absent
32
Membrane bound organelles for Eukaryote (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
all
33
Golgi bodies for prokaryote (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
absent in all
34
Golgi bodies for Eukaryotes (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
present in some
35
Lysosomes for prokaryotes (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
absent in all
36
Lysosomes for Eukaryotes (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
present in some; contain hydrolytic enzymes
37
Endoplasmic reticulum for prokaryotes (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
absent in all
38
Endoplasmic reticulum for Eukaryotes (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
Present in all; lipid synthesis, transport
39
Mitochondria for prokaryotes (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
absent in all
40
Mitochondria for Eukaryotes (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
present in most
41
Nucleus for prokaryotes (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
absent in all
42
Nucleus for Eukaryotes (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
present in all
43
Chloroplasts for photosynthesis (prokaryotes) (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
absent in all
44
Chloroplasts for photosynthesis (Eukaryotes)
present in algae and plants
45
Ribosomes; site of protein synthesis (non-membranous) (Prokaryotes)
Present in all
46
Ribosomes; site of protein synthesis (non-membranous) (Eukaryotes) (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
Present in all
47
Sterols in cytoplasmic membrane for prokaryotes (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
absent in mycoplasma spp.
48
Sterols in cytoplasmic membrane for Eukaryotes (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
present
49
Plasma membrane (prokaryotes)
lacks carbohydrates
50
Plasma membrane (eukaryotes)
also contains glycolipids and glycoproteins
51
Cell wall, if present (prokaryotes)
peptidoglycan in most bacteria peptidoglycan - can be seen in the cell wall of prokaryote
52
Cell wall, if present (Eukaryotes)
cellulose, phenolic polymers, lignin (plants), chitin (fungi), other glycans (algae)
53
Glycocalyx (prokaryotes) (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
present in most as an organized capsule or unorganized slime layer
54
Glycocalyx (Eukaryotes) (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
present; some animal cells
55
Cilia (prokaryotes) (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
absent
56
Cilia (Eukaryotes) (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
present; see description of flagella
57
Flagella, if present (prokaryotes)
simple flagella; composed of polymers of flagellin; movement by rotary action at the base; spirochetes have MTs. (+) motile (-) non-motile
58
Flagella, if present (Eukaryotes)
Complex cilia or flagella; composed of MTs and polymers of tubulin with dynein connecting MTs; movement sliding microtubules
59
Pili and fimbriae (prokaryotes) (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
present
60
Pili and fimbriae (Eukaryotes) (present, absent, all, absent in all, present in some, etc.)
Absent

BACT 211 (8 decks)

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