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BACT 211 > P1 | Introduction to Diagnostic Bacteriology (LECTURE)) > Flashcards

P1 | Introduction to Diagnostic Bacteriology (LECTURE)) Flashcards

1
Q

a branch of biology which deals with the study of living organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

a branch of medical science which deals with the study of medically important microorganisms specifically their role in human disease which includes diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases.

  • also known as “study of diseases”
A

Medical Microbiology

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3
Q

a branch of medical microbiology that focuses on the laboratory identification of medically important bacteria by phenotypical and genotypical characterization including antibiotic susceptibility testing of medically important bacteria.

  • routine: commonly performed
A

Diagnostic Bacteriology

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4
Q

What are the two (2) types of characterization for bacteria?

A
  1. Phenotypical
  2. Genotypical
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5
Q

Visible traits:
- can be seen by the naked eye.

A

Phenotypical

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6
Q

Non-visible traits:
ex: Molecular
- DNA composition
- NA composition

A

Genotypical

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7
Q

Morphology:
- (shape: coccus, bacillus)

A

Microscopic Characteristic

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8
Q

can be seen without the use of microscope

A

Macroscopic Characteristics

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9
Q

Growth in the surface of a culture medium

A

Colonial Morphology

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10
Q
  • study of microorganisms
  • study of certain nonliving
    entities as well as certain living
    organisms.
A

Microbiology

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11
Q

Microbes are said to be “ubiquitous”
meaning they
are?

A

“Virtually everywhere”

bacteria:
- origin
- human-normal flora (non-pathogenic)
- animal
- environment: (soil, water, air) reservoir

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12
Q

What are the genetic material for procaryotes?

A
  1. Nucleic region: not enclosed in a nuclear membrane
  2. genetic material (DNA/Choromosome)
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13
Q

Microbes are
subdivided
into one of
four groups:

A
  1. Virus
  2. Bacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Parasite
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14
Q

very simple microbes, consisting of nucleic acid, a few proteins, and (in some) a lipid envelope.

  • completely dependent on the (host) cells they infect for their survival and replication.

ex: HIV - CO4 cell

A

Virus

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15
Q

with both RNA and DNA, metabolic machinery for self-replication, and a complex cell wall structure. (ASEXUAL)

  • Prokaryotic - simple unicellular organisms
A

Bacteria

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16
Q

subdivided into single-celled organisms (yeasts) or multi-celled organisms (molds), with a few medically important members existing in both forms (dimorphic fungi) or monomorphic (exist as yeast or mold)

A

Fungi

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17
Q

subdivided into single-celled organisms (protozoa) or multi-celled organisms (worms and bugs)

A

Parasite

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18
Q

Definition of Terms Related to Infectious Process and Disease Transmission

A
  • Pathogens
  • Pathogenicity
  • Virulence
  • Pathogenetic determinants/Virulence Factors
  • Infection
  • Disease
  • Infectious Disease
  • Communicable Disease
  • Symptoms
  • Signs
  • Normal Flora
  • Colonization
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19
Q

disease causing microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and viruses.

A

Pathogens

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20
Q

What are the two (2) types of Pathogens?

A
  1. True Pathogen
  2. Oppotunistic Pathogens
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21
Q

refers to an organism that will cause disease in a healthy host.

A

True Pathogen

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22
Q

refers to organisms that will
cause disease in an immunocompromised host

A

Opportunistic Pathogens

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23
Q

refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease in a host organism.

A

Pathogenicity

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24
Q

refers to the degree of pathogenicity; the power by which a pathogen can cause severe disease.

A

Virulence

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25
refers to any genetic, biochemical, or structural features that enable a pathogen to cause disease in a host organism.
Pathogenetic determinants/Virulence Factors
26
refers to the entry, invasion and multiplication of pathogens in or on to the host body system which results to subsequent tissue injury and progress to overt disease
Infection
27
What are the types of infection? (Based on Source of Pathogen)
1. Endogenous Infection 2. Exogenous Infection
28
infection arising from colonizing flora/indigenous microflora.
Endogenous Infection
29
infection arising from invading pathogen from the external environment & animals
Exogenous Infection
30
What are the types of infection? (Based on Clinical Onset of Signs and Symptoms)
1. Acute Infection 2. Chronic Infection
31
rapid/sudden onset of signs and symptoms which are usually severe to fatal that may lead to death
Acute Infection
32
gradual onset of signs and symptoms that are usually mild to moderate that may progress to long standing infection
Chronic Infection
33
What are the types of infection? (Based on Etiologic/Causative Agent)
1. Nosocomial Infection 2. Zoonotic Infection (Zoonosis)
34
infection acquired during hospitalization
Nosocomial Infection
35
is an animal disease which can spread to humans; animal acquired infection
Zoonotic Infection (Zoonosis)
36
What are the types of infection? (Based on Clinical Manifestation)
1. Subclinical/Asymptomatic/Nonapparent 2. Clinical/Symptomatic/Apparent 3. Disease 4. Infectious Disease 5. Communicable Disease 6. Symptoms 7. Signs 8. Normal Flora 9. Colonization
37
no obvious appearance of signs and symptoms and the person is unaware of the infection
Subclinical/Asymptomatic/Nonapparent
38
associated with presence of overt signs and symptoms of the disease
Clinical/Symptomatic/Apparent
39
an altered health state in an infected host
Disease
40
is an illness caused by a pathogen which invades body tissues and causes damage
Infectious Disease
41
is an infectious disease that is capable of spreading from person to person.
Communicable Disease
42
refers to any subjective evidence of disease. - These are usually perception of the patient having the disease such as headache, dizziness, etc.
Symptoms
43
refers to readily observable evidence of disease. These are usually physical manifestation of the disease such as rashes, bleeding, etc.
Signs
44
bacteria that are in or on different sites of the body that usually do not harm the host unless the host defense is compromised. SYNONYMS: Indigenous Flora, Resident Flora, Normal Microbiota.
Normal Flora
45
refers to the establishment of substantial number of microorganisms usually in the skin or mucosa but there’s no penetration of tissues.
Colonization
46
(HISTORY) EARLIEST KNOWN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
47
represent the first recorded epidemic. - Around 1900 BC, near the end of the Trojan War, the Greek army was decimated by an epidemic of what is thought to have been ______?
Pestilence + Plague Plague (Bubonic Plague: Yersinia spp.)
48
egyptian medical papyrus - list of diseases and treatments
1500 BC: Ebers papyrus
49
What year did the small pox occured in China?
1122 BC
50
Epidemics of plague occurred in Rome in?
790, 710, and 640 BC
51
Epidemics of plague occurred in Greece in?
430 BC
52
What are the types of plague?
1. bubonic plague 2. septicimic plague 3. Pulmonary
53
What is the MOT for Pulmonary?
inhalation through respiratory tract
54
sexually transmitted infection
Treponema pallidum also known as "Syphilis"
55
Where and when did the Syphilis first appeared?
1493 in Europe
56
Syphilis was carried to Europe by Native Americans who were brought to Portugal by ____?
Christopher Columbus
57
first person to see live bacteria and protozoa “Father of Microbiology” “Father of Bacteriology” “Father of Protozoology”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
58
he observed various tiny living creatures, which he called “animalcules.”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
59
small animals: term for bacteria during his time
animalcules
60
In which year did the first drawing of bacteria occur?
1684
61
demonstrated that different types of microbes produce different fermentation products
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
62
He introduced the terms “aerobes” and “anaerobes”
Louis Pasteur
63
it requires oxygen for growth
aerobes
64
it does not require oxygen for growth
anaerobes
65
- 17th century flemish - mice could arise from rags & wheat kernels left in an open container for 3 weeks
John Baptista Van Helmont
66
For pasteurization, what degree is used for heating liquid and for how long?
heating liquid at 63-65 C (30 mins) or 73-75 C (15 secs)
67
specific microbes cause infectious diseases
Germ theory of disease
68
he developed vaccines to prevent chicken cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas.
Louis Pasteur
69
Who are the pioneers in the science of Microbiology?
1. Robert Koch (1843–1910) 2. John Tyndall 3. Ferdinand Cohn 4. Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis 5. Joseph Lister 6. others (refer to another deck)
70
He made many significant contributions to the germ theory of disease
Robert Koch (1843–1910)
71
He discovered that Bacillus anthracis produces spores, capable of resisting adverse conditions
Robert Koch
72
He developed methods of fixing, staining, and photographing bacteria, methods of cultivating bacteria on solid media.
Robert Koch
73
He discovered the bacterium (M. tuberculosis) that causes tuberculosis and the bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) that causes cholera.
Robert Koch
74
(The Discovery of Spores and Sterilization) provided the initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance and that particularly vigorous treatment is required to destroy them
John Tyndall
75
clarified the reason that heat would sometimes fail to completely eliminate all microorganisms. - “STERILE” was established
Ferdinand Cohn
76
completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles
Sterile
77
- staining for histological specimens - carmine & hematoxylin (vegetable dyes) - basal medium
Ferdinand Cohn
78
requires additional/special nutrients for growth
Fastidious
79
standard requirement for growth
Non-fastidious
80
The Development of Aseptic Techniques
81
observed that mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than did mothers who gave birth in the hospital.
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
82
showed quite clearly that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians coming directly from the autopsy room. also known as "Father of Handwashing"
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
83
first to introduce aseptic techniques aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting and preventing wound infections.
Joseph Lister
84
CAREERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
1. Bacteriologist 2. Phycologists (or algologists) 3. Protozoologists 4. Mycologist 5. Virologists and cell biologists
85
scientist who specializes in bacteriology— the study of the structure, functions, and activities of bacteria
Bacteriologist
86
Scientists specializing in the field of phycology (or algology) study the various types of algae
Phycologists (or algologists)
87
Explore the area of protozoology—the study of protozoa and their activities.
Protozoologists
88
Those who specialize in the study of fungi, or mycology
Mycologist
89
may become genetic engineers who transfer genetic material (deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA) from one cell type to another. - _____ also study prions and viroids, acellular infectious agents that are even smaller than viruses
Virologists and cell biologists
90
What are the Focus of Diagnostic Bacteriology for MedTech?
1. General key characteristics of Pathogenic Bacteria (Phenotypic [macroscopic & microscopic] and Genotypic) 2. Clinical Significance & Spectrum of Diseases 3. Laboratory Identification 4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing & Therapy

BACT 211 (8 decks)

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