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BACT 211 > P1 | Introduction to Diagnostic Bacteriology (LECTURE)) > Flashcards

P1 | Introduction to Diagnostic Bacteriology (LECTURE)) Flashcards

1
Q

a branch of biology which deals with the study of living organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

a branch of medical science which deals with the study of medically important microorganisms specifically their role in human disease which includes diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases.

  • also known as “study of diseases”
A

Medical Microbiology

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3
Q

a branch of medical microbiology that focuses on the laboratory identification of medically important bacteria by phenotypical and genotypical characterization including antibiotic susceptibility testing of medically important bacteria.

  • routine: commonly performed
A

Diagnostic Bacteriology

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4
Q

What are the two (2) types of characterization for bacteria?

A
  1. Phenotypical
  2. Genotypical
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5
Q

Visible traits:
- can be seen by the naked eye.

A

Phenotypical

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6
Q

Non-visible traits:
ex: Molecular
- DNA composition
- NA composition

A

Genotypical

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7
Q

Morphology:
- (shape: coccus, bacillus)

A

Microscopic Characteristic

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8
Q

can be seen without the use of microscope

A

Macroscopic Characteristics

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9
Q

Growth in the surface of a culture medium

A

Colonial Morphology

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10
Q
  • study of microorganisms
  • study of certain nonliving
    entities as well as certain living
    organisms.
A

Microbiology

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11
Q

Microbes are said to be “ubiquitous”
meaning they
are?

A

“Virtually everywhere”

bacteria:
- origin
- human-normal flora (non-pathogenic)
- animal
- environment: (soil, water, air) reservoir

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12
Q

What are the genetic material for procaryotes?

A
  1. Nucleic region: not enclosed in a nuclear membrane
  2. genetic material (DNA/Choromosome)
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13
Q

Microbes are
subdivided
into one of
four groups:

A
  1. Virus
  2. Bacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Parasite
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14
Q

very simple microbes, consisting of nucleic acid, a few proteins, and (in some) a lipid envelope.

  • completely dependent on the (host) cells they infect for their survival and replication.

ex: HIV - CO4 cell

A

Virus

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15
Q

with both RNA and DNA, metabolic machinery for self-replication, and a complex cell wall structure. (ASEXUAL)

  • Prokaryotic - simple unicellular organisms
A

Bacteria

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16
Q

subdivided into single-celled organisms (yeasts) or multi-celled organisms (molds), with a few medically important members existing in both forms (dimorphic fungi) or monomorphic (exist as yeast or mold)

A

Fungi

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17
Q

subdivided into single-celled organisms (protozoa) or multi-celled organisms (worms and bugs)

A

Parasite

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18
Q

Definition of Terms Related to Infectious Process and Disease Transmission

A
  • Pathogens
  • Pathogenicity
  • Virulence
  • Pathogenetic determinants/Virulence Factors
  • Infection
  • Disease
  • Infectious Disease
  • Communicable Disease
  • Symptoms
  • Signs
  • Normal Flora
  • Colonization
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19
Q

disease causing microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and viruses.

A

Pathogens

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20
Q

What are the two (2) types of Pathogens?

A
  1. True Pathogen
  2. Oppotunistic Pathogens
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21
Q

refers to an organism that will cause disease in a healthy host.

A

True Pathogen

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22
Q

refers to organisms that will
cause disease in an immunocompromised host

A

Opportunistic Pathogens

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23
Q

refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease in a host organism.

A

Pathogenicity

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24
Q

refers to the degree of pathogenicity; the power by which a pathogen can cause severe disease.

A

Virulence

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25
Q

refers to any genetic, biochemical, or structural features that enable a pathogen to cause disease in a host organism.

A

Pathogenetic determinants/Virulence Factors

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26
Q

refers to the entry, invasion and multiplication of pathogens in or on to the host body system which results to subsequent tissue injury and
progress to overt disease

A

Infection

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27
Q

What are the types of infection?
(Based on Source of Pathogen)

A
  1. Endogenous Infection
  2. Exogenous Infection
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28
Q

infection arising from colonizing flora/indigenous microflora.

A

Endogenous Infection

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29
Q

infection arising from invading
pathogen from the external environment & animals

A

Exogenous Infection

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30
Q

What are the types of infection?
(Based on Clinical Onset of Signs and Symptoms)

A
  1. Acute Infection
  2. Chronic Infection
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31
Q

rapid/sudden onset of signs and symptoms which are usually severe to fatal that may lead to death

A

Acute Infection

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32
Q

gradual onset of signs and symptoms that are usually mild to moderate that may progress to long standing infection

A

Chronic Infection

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33
Q

What are the types of infection?
(Based on Etiologic/Causative Agent)

A
  1. Nosocomial Infection
  2. Zoonotic Infection (Zoonosis)
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34
Q

infection acquired during
hospitalization

A

Nosocomial Infection

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35
Q

is an animal disease
which can spread to humans; animal acquired
infection

A

Zoonotic Infection (Zoonosis)

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36
Q

What are the types of infection?
(Based on Clinical Manifestation)

A
  1. Subclinical/Asymptomatic/Nonapparent
  2. Clinical/Symptomatic/Apparent
  3. Disease
  4. Infectious Disease
  5. Communicable Disease
  6. Symptoms
  7. Signs
  8. Normal Flora
  9. Colonization
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37
Q

no obvious appearance of signs and symptoms and the
person is unaware of the infection

A

Subclinical/Asymptomatic/Nonapparent

38
Q

associated with presence of overt signs and symptoms of the disease

A

Clinical/Symptomatic/Apparent

39
Q

an altered health state in an infected host

A

Disease

40
Q

is an illness caused by a pathogen which invades body tissues and causes damage

A

Infectious Disease

41
Q

is an infectious disease that is
capable of spreading from person to person.

A

Communicable Disease

42
Q

refers to any subjective evidence of disease.

  • These
    are usually perception of the patient having the disease such as headache, dizziness, etc.
A

Symptoms

43
Q

refers to readily observable evidence of disease. These
are usually physical manifestation of the disease such as rashes,
bleeding, etc.

A

Signs

44
Q

bacteria that are in or on
different sites of the body that usually do not harm the host unless the host defense is
compromised.

SYNONYMS: Indigenous Flora, Resident Flora, Normal Microbiota.

A

Normal Flora

45
Q

refers to the establishment of
substantial number of microorganisms usually in
the skin or mucosa but there’s no penetration of tissues.

A

Colonization

46
Q

(HISTORY)

EARLIEST KNOWN
INFECTIOUS DISEASES

A
47
Q

represent the first recorded epidemic.

  • Around 1900 BC, near the end of the Trojan
    War, the Greek army was decimated by an
    epidemic of what is thought to have been ______?
A

Pestilence + Plague

Plague (Bubonic Plague: Yersinia spp.)

48
Q

egyptian medical papyrus
- list of diseases and treatments

A

1500 BC: Ebers papyrus

49
Q

What year did the small pox occured in China?

A

1122 BC

50
Q

Epidemics of plague occurred in Rome in?

A

790, 710, and 640 BC

51
Q

Epidemics of plague occurred in Greece in?

A

430 BC

52
Q

What are the types of plague?

A
  1. bubonic plague
  2. septicimic plague
  3. Pulmonary
53
Q

What is the MOT for Pulmonary?

A

inhalation through respiratory tract

54
Q

sexually transmitted infection

A

Treponema pallidum

also known as “Syphilis”

55
Q

Where and when did the Syphilis first appeared?

A

1493 in Europe

56
Q

Syphilis was carried to Europe by Native Americans who were brought to Portugal by ____?

A

Christopher Columbus

57
Q

first person to see live bacteria and protozoa

“Father of Microbiology”
“Father of Bacteriology”
“Father of Protozoology”

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)

58
Q

he observed various tiny living creatures, which he called “animalcules.”

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

59
Q

small animals: term for bacteria during his time

A

animalcules

60
Q

In which year did the first drawing of bacteria occur?

A

1684

61
Q

demonstrated that different types of microbes produce different fermentation products

A

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

62
Q

He introduced the terms “aerobes” and “anaerobes”

A

Louis Pasteur

63
Q

it requires oxygen for growth

A

aerobes

64
Q

it does not require oxygen for growth

A

anaerobes

65
Q
  • 17th century flemish
  • mice could arise from rags & wheat kernels left in an open container for 3 weeks
A

John Baptista Van Helmont

66
Q

For pasteurization, what degree is used for heating liquid and for how long?

A

heating liquid at 63-65 C (30 mins) or 73-75 C (15 secs)

67
Q

specific microbes cause infectious diseases

A

Germ theory of disease

68
Q

he developed vaccines to prevent chicken cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas.

A

Louis Pasteur

69
Q

Who are the pioneers in the science of Microbiology?

A
  1. Robert Koch (1843–1910)
  2. John Tyndall
  3. Ferdinand Cohn
  4. Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
  5. Joseph Lister
  6. others (refer to another deck)
70
Q

He made many significant contributions to the germ theory of disease

A

Robert Koch (1843–1910)

71
Q

He discovered that Bacillus anthracis produces spores, capable of resisting adverse
conditions

A

Robert Koch

72
Q

He developed methods of fixing, staining, and photographing bacteria, methods of cultivating bacteria on solid media.

A

Robert Koch

73
Q

He discovered the bacterium (M. tuberculosis) that causes tuberculosis and the bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) that causes cholera.

A

Robert Koch

74
Q

(The Discovery of Spores and
Sterilization)

provided the initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance and that particularly vigorous treatment is required to destroy them

A

John Tyndall

75
Q

clarified the reason that heat would sometimes
fail to completely eliminate all microorganisms.

  • “STERILE” was established
A

Ferdinand Cohn

76
Q

completely free of all life forms
(including spores) and virus particles

A

Sterile

77
Q
  • staining for histological specimens
  • carmine & hematoxylin (vegetable dyes)
  • basal medium
A

Ferdinand Cohn

78
Q

requires additional/special nutrients for growth

A

Fastidious

79
Q

standard requirement for growth

A

Non-fastidious

80
Q

The Development of Aseptic Techniques

A
81
Q

observed that mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than did mothers who gave birth in the hospital.

A

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

82
Q

showed quite clearly that
women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians coming directly from the autopsy room.

also known as “Father of Handwashing”

A

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

83
Q

first to introduce aseptic techniques aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting and preventing wound infections.

A

Joseph Lister

84
Q

CAREERS IN MICROBIOLOGY

A
  1. Bacteriologist
  2. Phycologists (or algologists)
  3. Protozoologists
  4. Mycologist
  5. Virologists and cell biologists
85
Q

scientist who specializes in bacteriology— the study of the
structure, functions, and activities of bacteria

A

Bacteriologist

86
Q

Scientists specializing in the field of phycology (or algology)
study the various types of algae

A

Phycologists (or algologists)

87
Q

Explore the area of protozoology—the study of protozoa and their activities.

A

Protozoologists

88
Q

Those who specialize in the study of fungi, or mycology

A

Mycologist

89
Q

may become genetic engineers who transfer genetic
material (deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA) from one cell type to another.

  • _____ also study prions and viroids, acellular infectious agents that are even smaller than viruses
A

Virologists and cell biologists

90
Q

What are the Focus of Diagnostic Bacteriology for MedTech?

A
  1. General key characteristics of Pathogenic Bacteria (Phenotypic [macroscopic & microscopic] and Genotypic)
  2. Clinical Significance & Spectrum of Diseases
  3. Laboratory Identification
  4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing & Therapy

BACT 211 (8 decks)

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