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BACT 211 > P1 | Bacterial Morphology (LECTURE) > Flashcards

P1 | Bacterial Morphology (LECTURE) Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial Morphology

___ to __ μm in width and __ to __ μm in length

(___-__ um - Mahon)

A

0.25 to 1 μm in width and 1 to 3 μm in length

(0.4-2 um - Mahon)

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2
Q

The staining procedure separates almost all medically relevant bacteria into two general types:

A
  1. Gram Positive
  2. Gram Negative
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3
Q

Common bacterial cellular morphologies:

(C.C.B.F.C.S)

A
  • Cocci (circular)
  • Coccobacilli (ovoid)
  • bacillus (rod shaped)
  • fusiform (pointed end)
  • curved
  • spiral shapes
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4
Q

Microscopic Shapes

  • found in ocean sediment
  • has a diameter of 0.1 to 0.3 mm.
A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

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5
Q

Microscopic Morphology of Bacteria

(COCCI)

(C.C.P.T)

A
  • In clusters
  • In chains
  • In pairs
  • In tetrads
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6
Q

Microscopic Morphology of Bacteria

(BACILLI)

(C.B.F.P)

A
  • Coccobacilli
  • Bacilli of various sizes (pleomorphism/pleomorphic bacteria)
  • Fusiform bacilli
  • Palisading (parallel)
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7
Q

Microscopic Morphology of Bacteria

(SPIROCHETES)

A
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8
Q
  • round or spherical shaped bacteria.
  • The resulting arrangement of cocci depends on the PLANE of DIVISION
A

Cocci (Coccus)

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9
Q

(DIPLOCOCCUS OR DIPLOCOCCI)

All diplococci appears to be two cocci adjacent to each other except:

A
  • Neisseria spp.
  • (Except: Neisseria weaveri and Neisseria elongata)
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10
Q

kidney or coffee bean shaped diplococci

A

Neisseria spp.
- (Except: Neisseria weaveri and Neisseria elongata)

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11
Q

Is Neisseria spp.
- (Except: Neisseria weaveri and Neisseria elongata) gram positive bacilli or gram negative bacilli?

A

Gram Negative Bacilli

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12
Q

flame/lancet shaped diplococci

(SP)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

Is Streptococcus pneumoniae a gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

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14
Q

What is the plane of division for “DIPLOCOCCUS/DIPLOCOCCI”?

A

Coccus is divided one (1) plane of division

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15
Q

COCCI IN CHAINS

Plane of division?

A

e.g Streptococcus spp.

Coccus is divided by one (1) plane of division but continuously dividing it.

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16
Q

Coccus in packets of four (4)?

A

Tetrad/s

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17
Q

What is the plane of division for “TETRAD/S”?

A

Coccus is divided two (2) planes of division.

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18
Q

Example of a Tetrad?

A

Micrococcus tetragena

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19
Q

Coccus in cubical packets of eight (8)?

A

Sarcina/e

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20
Q

What is the plane of division for “SARCINA/E”?

A

Coccus is divided three (3) planes of division in a regular pattern

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21
Q

Example of a Sarcina/e?

(M.L)

A

Micrococcus luteus

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22
Q

COCCI IN CLUSTERS

Plane of division?

A

e.g Staphylococcus aureus

Coccus is divided two (2) planes of division in a irregular pattern; grape-like clusters

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23
Q

rod shaped, cylindrical, or elongated bacteria

A

BACILLUS (BACILLI)

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24
Q

BACILLI MORPHOLOGY

rod shaped bacillus

A

Single Bacillus

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25
Q

BACILLI MORPHOLOGY

bacillus in pair

A

Diplobacillus

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26
Q

BACILLI MORPHOLOGY

bacillus in chains

A

Streptobacillus

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27
Q

BACILLI MORPHOLOGY

bacillus that are small, short, stout/plump

(CB)

A

Coccobacillus

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28
Q

BACILLI MORPHOLOGY

Small and short bacillus arranged in school of fish, rail road track, or fingerprint pattern in stained smear

(H.D)

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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29
Q

Causative agent of Soft changre/chancroid (STI)

(HD)

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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30
Q

Large, square cut-ends, spore forming bacillus

  • Arranged in chains

(BA)

A

Bacillus anthracis

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31
Q

causative agent of
anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

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32
Q

Large, rounded ends, non-spore forming bacillus

  • Arranged in chains

(FB.SPP)

A

Fusobacterium spp.

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33
Q

anaerobic bacteria which chiefly found as a normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

(FB.SPP)

A

Fusobacterium spp.

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34
Q

Slim, slender, threadlike bacillus

  • Sometimes arranged in serpentine cord (crawling snake) pattern in stained smears
A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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35
Q

causative agent of human tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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36
Q

Examples of branching or filamentous bacilli

(A.N.A)

A
  • Actinomyces spp.
  • Nocardia spp.
  • Actinomycetes spp.
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37
Q

Club shaped or barb shaped arranged in
palisade, fence stick, cigarette packet.

  • Irregular bacilli
  • Sometimes resembles X, V, Y, Z, or Chinese
    character

(C.D)

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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38
Q

causative agent of diphtheria

(CB.D)

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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39
Q

Example of curved or comma shaped bacilli

A

Vibrio spp.

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40
Q

Sometimes resembles seagull wing
- S or C shaped bacilli

(C.H.A)

A
  • Campylobacter spp.
  • Helicobacter spp.
  • Arcobacter spp.
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41
Q

helical or twisted bacteria

A

Spirals

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42
Q

_____ which is helical but rigid while the _______ which are helical as well but more flexible in movement

A
  • Spirillum spp.
  • Spirochetes
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43
Q

Spiral with two or more curves
- Quite rigid

(S.M)

A

Spirillum minor/minus

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44
Q

causative agent of sodoku (a rat bite fever infection)

(S.M)

A

Spirillum minor/minus

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45
Q

Loosely twisted spiral
- Resembling a stretched spiral

(B. spp)

A

Borrelia spp.

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46
Q

causative agent of relapsing fever and lyme disease

(B.SPP)

A

Borrelia spp.

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47
Q

Tightly twisted spiral
- resembling a cork screw

(T.P)

A

Treponema pallidum

48
Q

causative agent of venereal syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

49
Q

Tightly twisted spiral with one or both ends
bent into a hook
- Sometimes even resembling an
interrogative symbol

(L.I)

A

Leptospira interrogans

50
Q

causative agent of zoonic infection leptospirosis

(L.I)

A

Leptospira interrogans

51
Q

imparts an artificial coloration

A

Staining

52
Q

The four categories of staining:

(D.D.S.I)

A
  1. Direct/simple stain
  2. Differential Stain
  3. Selective/special stain
  4. Indirect/Negative/Relief Stain
53
Q

usually contains one specific active chromogen in the stain which enhances the appreciation of bacterial size, shape, and arrangement.

A

DIRECT/SIMPLE STAIN

54
Q

The commonly used simple stains are:

(C.G.M.M)

A
  • Crystal Violet
  • Gentian Violet
  • Methylene Blue
  • Malachite Green
55
Q
  • contains two or more chromogens
  • This staining technique also includes a decolorization step which is the most critical step in the process.
A

DIFFERENTIAL STAIN

56
Q

differentiates gram positive bacteria which stain PURPLE or VIOLET from gram negative which stains RED or PINK.

A

Gram Stain

57
Q

What is the color of the stain for gram positive?

A

Purple or Violet
(if the peptidoglycan is thick)

58
Q

What is the color of the stain for gram negative?

A

Red or Pink
(if the peptidoglycan is thin)

59
Q

differentiate acid fast organism such as Mycobaterium tuberculosis

(A.F.S)

A

Acid Fast Stain

60
Q

Mycobaterium tuberculosis stains what color from non-acid fast organisms?

A

RED

61
Q

Mycobaterium tuberculosis stains what color from non-acid fast organisms depending on the counterstain?

A

BLUE OR GREEN

62
Q

What are the two different staining methods?

A
  1. Ziehl-Neelsen Staining method
  2. Kinyoun Staining method
63
Q

uses fluorescent dyes such as AURAMINE or
RHODAMINE or combination of both.

  • These dyes remain in the cell wall of acid-fast
    organism even after decolorization
A

Fluorochrome Stain

64
Q

Other Stains for Acid Fast Organisms:

(P & B)

A
  1. Pappenheim stain
  2. Baumgarten stain
65
Q

PAPPENHEIM STAIN: (color)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis:

  • Mycobacterium lacticola (smegmatis):
A
  • RED
  • BLUE
66
Q

uses ROSOLIC ACID as a
decolorizer

(B.S)

A

Baumgarten Stain

67
Q

BAUMGARTEN STAIN: (color)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis:

  • Mycobacterium leprae:
A
  • BLUE
  • RED
68
Q

stains that specifically highlight or emphasize certain bacterial cell structures or components which aids in the presumptive identification of the bacteria

A

SELECTIVE/SPECIAL

69
Q

STAIN FOR CELL WALL

(VICTORIA BLUE DYE)

A

cell wall stains BLUE

70
Q

STAINS FOR CAPSULE

  • HISS
  • TYLER
  • MUIR
  • GIN
  • WADSWORTH
  • WELCH

(PB, LV, LB, - , P&B, PV)

A
  • Pale brown
  • Light violet
  • Light blue
  • capsule is unstained, bacteria will be stained with its margin delineated by the ink
  • Capsule: pinkish, Bacteria: Blue
  • Pale violet
71
Q

Stains for Metachromatic Granules/Babes Ernst Bodies/Volutin

  • Loeffler’s Alkaline Methylene Blue (LAMB)
  • Albert
  • Neisser
  • Lindegran
  • Burke’s Technique
  • Ljubinsky

(R,BB,DB,RB,’’, DV)

A
  • red
  • blue black
  • dark blue
  • reddish brown
  • a modified gram’s staining technique
  • dark violet
72
Q

Stains for Bacterial Spores/Endospores

  • Fulton-Schaeffer
  • Dorner
  • Wirtz-conklin

(G,R,G)

A
  • Green
  • Red
  • Green
73
Q

Stains for Flagella

(L,G,S,F-C)

A
  • Leifson
  • Gray
  • Silver
  • Fisher-Conn
74
Q

important component in flagellar stain which coats, swells, precipitates the flagella enhancing its visualization

(T.A)

A

TANNIC ACID

75
Q

Stains for Rickettsia

  • CASTAÑEDA
  • MACHIAVELO
  • GIEMSA

(B,R,B)

A
  • blue
  • red
  • blue
76
Q

Stains for Chlamydia

  • GIMENEZ
  • MACHIAVELO
  • GIEMSA

(R,R,P)

A
  • red
  • red
  • purple
77
Q

Stains for Spirochetes

  • Fontana-Tribondeau
  • Levaditi Silver Impregnation
  • India Ink Negative Stain

(DB/B, B, ‘’ B)

A
  • dark brown or black
  • black
  • spirochetes are UNSTAINED; background is black
78
Q

Stains for Mycoplasma

  • Dienes
A
  • blue
79
Q

Stain for Bipolar Bodies (Yersinia pestis)

  • Wayson
A
  • bipolar bodies: red
80
Q

type of staining which actually provides coloration to the background of the smear while rendering the bacteria and covering structure such as capsule unstained.

A

INDIRECT/NEGATIVE/RELIEF STAINING

81
Q

useful in the identification of medically important capsulated bacteria as well as capsulated strains of Cryptococcus spp. especially in cerebrospinal fluid sample in cases of meningitis.

A

INDIRECT/NEGATIVE/RELIEF STAINING

82
Q

COLOR OF STAIN

  • Bacteria/ Structure (Capsule)
  • Background
  • INDIA INK OR NIGROSIN
  • CONGO RED
  • ANTHONY

(‘’,^, B, R, P)

A
  • UNSTAINED
  • COLORED/STAINED
  • Background is black; Streptococcus spp.
  • background is red
  • background is purple
83
Q

Standard incubation hours

A

18-24 hours

84
Q

inoculated plates are retrieved from the incubator and the colonial or cultural characteristics of the bacterial colonies that grew in each culture media for each specimen is examined

A

Plate reading

85
Q

WORKFLOW IN BACTERIAL ID:

(SC,DME,C,B.ID,BT, AST)

A
  • specimen collection
  • direct microscopic examination
  • culture
  • bacterial id
  • biochemical test
  • AST
86
Q

COLONIAL/CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

(S.M.E.T.H.P.O.D)

A
  • Size
  • Margin
  • Elevation
  • Texture or Consistency
  • Hemolytic Pattern
  • Pigmentation
  • Odor
  • Density
87
Q

Relative size of the bacterial colony

A

SIZE

88
Q

colonies less than 1mm

A

PINPOINT

89
Q

about the same size of a pinhead

A

SMALL

90
Q

slightly larger than a pinhead

A

MEDIUM

91
Q

usually 6-8mm in diameter

A

LARGE

92
Q

Appearance of the edge of the colony

A

MARGIN

93
Q

circular without interruption

A

Smooth or entire

94
Q

wavy edge

A

Undulate

95
Q

crenated edge

A

Rough or Rhizoid

96
Q

Lobulated edge

A

Lobate

97
Q

branch-like edge

A

Fringed or filamentous

98
Q

uneven rounded projections

A

Fingerlike

99
Q

uneven length of projection w/ no definite shape

A

Irregular

100
Q

Height of the colony

A

Elevation

101
Q

ELEVATION

no visible elevation or
height

A

Flat

102
Q

ELEVATION

Slight elevation

A

Raised

103
Q

ELEVATION

dome shaped

A

Convex

104
Q

ELEVATION

depressed or concave center

A

Umbilicate (innie)

105
Q

ELEVATION

raised or bulging center

A

Umbonate (outie)

106
Q

TEXTURE OR CONSISTENCY

  • Brittle or splinters:
  • Creamy or butyrous:
  • Dry and waxy:
  • Rough and warty:
  • Mucoid:

(CC,B,SC,CA,W&SC)

A
  • crumbling colony (e.g. Nocardia spp.)
  • butterlike (e.g. Staphylococcus spp.)
  • sticky colony (e.g. Diphtheroid)
  • cauliflower appearance (e.g. Mycobacterium spp.)
  • wet and sticky colony (e.g. Streptococcus pneumonia)
107
Q

Exhibits the bacteria’s ability to lyse RBCs in the culture media

(H.P)

A

hemolytic pattern

108
Q

HEMOLYTIC
PATTERN

  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Gamma
  • Alpha Prime
A
  • Clear zone around the colony; complete hemolysis
  • greenish or brownish zone around the colony; incomplete/partial hemolysis
  • no hemolysis around the colony
  • inner alpha hemolysis surrounded by an outer beta hemolysis
109
Q

Blood agar plate = ?

A

Blood agar plate = Basal Medium + Blood (sheep’s blood, horse, etc.)

110
Q

Ability of the bacteria to produce unique coloration of their colony

A

PIGMENTATION

111
Q

PIGMENTATION

  • lime yellow
  • golden yellow
  • blue green
  • red
  • porcelain white
  • violet

(ML,SA,PA,SM,SA,CV)

A
  • micrococcus luteus
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Serratia marscesens
  • Staphylococcus albus
  • Chromobacterium violaceum
112
Q

certain bacteria produce characteristic odor in culture media

A

Odor

113
Q

ODOR

  • Unwashed stockings
  • Rancid Potato
  • Corn tortilla/fruity
  • Ammonia like
  • Freshly plowed field
  • Mousy/Mouse nest

(S.SPP,SO,PA,A.SPP,N.SPP,H.SPP)

A

ODOR

  • Staphylococcus spp.
  • Serratia odorifera
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Acinetobacter spp.
  • Nocardia spp.
  • Haemophilus spp.
114
Q

optical property to pass light through the bacterial colony

A

DENSITY

115
Q

DENSITY

  • Opaque
  • Translucent
  • Transparent
A

DENSITY

  • light won’t shine through
    the colony
  • light will shine through
    the colony
  • light shines through
    the colony
116
Q

ANTIGENIC DETERMINATION BY SEROLOGICAL TYPING

  • O Antigen
  • H Antigen
  • K Antigen
  • Vi Antigen

(C,F,C,ST)

A
  • associated w/ the cell wall
  • associated w/ the flagella
  • associated w/ the capsule
  • specific capsular antigen of Salmonella Typhi
117
Q

Capital first letter, not underlined, not italicized

A

Serotype

BACT 211 (8 decks)

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