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Aaaa > P1: Long Exam 1 > Flashcards

P1: Long Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The normal straw color of urine is largely due to the presence of

A

urochrome

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2
Q

Emptying the bladder or urine voiding is otherwise known as

A

micturition

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3
Q

Which set of parts involved in urine formation is correctly sequenced?

A. glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, renal pelvis, collecting ducts, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
B. glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, renal pelvis, loop of Henle, collecting ducts, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
C. glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting ducts, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
D. glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, collecting ducts, loop of Henle, renal pyramid, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

A

C. glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting ducts, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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4
Q

The procedure of wet urinalysis starts with the

A

sample identification

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5
Q

Amino acid disorders are characterized by the passage of urine with

A

characteristic odors

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6
Q

characteristic odors

A

hematuria

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7
Q

One of the following is characterized by a turbid urine due to leakage of lymph:
A. pyuria
C. bacteruria
B. chyluria
D. cylindruria

A

B. chyluria

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8
Q

Brick dust refers to which of the following crystals?

A

amorphous urates

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9
Q

Gross examination of urine samples involve all of the following except

A. assessment of odor
C. pH and specific gravity testing
B. reporting of urine color
D. measurement of urine volume

A

C. pH and specific gravity testing

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10
Q

The clearing of turbidity due to the addition of a dilute acid confirms the presence of

A

amorphous phosphates

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11
Q

The presence of casts in the urine is called

A

cylindruria

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12
Q

The purpose of collecting timed urine samples is for obtaining
A. more yield, thus, increased sample volume
B. higher concentration of a particular substance tested
C. more urinary sediments such as cells, crystals and casts
D. ensure high degree of accuracy and precision of chemical tests

A

B. higher concentration of a particular substance tested

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13
Q

Any transient increase in urinary volume is termed

A

diuresis

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14
Q

The most commonly encountered abnormal color of urine is

A

red-brown

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15
Q

The TS (Total Solids) meter or refractometer is used to measure

A

specific gravity

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16
Q

The presence of many mucus threads in the urine indicates

A

renal inflammatory episode

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17
Q

PKU or phenylketonuria is a disease characterized by the voiding of a

A

mousy-smelling urine

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18
Q

A reagent strip is sometimes referred to as the

A

dipstick

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19
Q

Regarded as the routine or basic urinalysis is the
A. wet urinalysis
C. reagent strip urinalysis
B. special cytologic urinalysis
D. chemical urinalysis

A

A. wet urinalysis

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20
Q

Macroscopic examination of urine includes the following except
A. appearance
C. chemical testing using multistix
B. specific gravity determination
D. sediment examination

A

C. chemical testing using multistix

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21
Q

In the event that only one urine specimen is obtained, which correct sequence should be followed in wet urinalysis?

  1. bacteriologic examination 3. examination for crystals and casts
  2. check for contamination 4. glucose testing

A. 1-2-3-4
B. 2-1-4-3
C. 1-2-4-3
D. 2-1-3-4

A

B. 2-1-4-3

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22
Q

The patient’s degree of hydration and urine concentration can be estimated by examining

A

urine color

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23
Q

Small cloudy patches in normal urine due to the presence of mucus is called

A

nubecula

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24
Q

Which pigment causes the production of yellow foam ?

A

bilirubin

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25
Q

Presence of intact red blood cells is called

A

hematuria

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26
Q

Homogentisic acid forms brown-black urine upon long standing – a condition known as

A

alkaptonuria

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27
Q

Which of these urinary constituents can be cleared through acidification?

A. amorphous urates
B. amorphous phosphates
C. pus cells
D. bacteria

A

B. amorphous phosphates

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28
Q

The dye Oil Red O is used to demonstrate the presence of

A

lipiduria

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29
Q

Excretion by an adult of more than 500 mL. of urine with a specific gravity of 1.018 at night is known as

A

nocturia

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30
Q

Which of the following statements is not true?
A. High volumes of urine result in a low specific gravity.
B. The aromatic odor of freshly voided urine is of undetermined source.
C. Cloudy urine is not common and not necessarily pathologic.
D. Aside from urochrome, there are other pigments that give normal urine a yellow color.

A

D. Aside from urochrome, there are other pigments that give normal urine a yellow color.

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31
Q

A urine sample with a specific gravity of 1.010 is described as

A

isosthenuric

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32
Q

Which parameter cannot be measured using reagent strip technology?

A

osmolality

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33
Q

Sound wave frequency and falling drop method are performed to assess the urine

A

specific gravity

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34
Q

The state of hydration of the patient can be assessed by all of the following except
A. urine osmolality
B. urine volume and color
C. urine specific gravity
D. urine pH

A

D. urine pH

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35
Q

The presence of high amounts of indican will give a urine sample a

A

blue-green color

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36
Q

The average adult on a normal diet produces a 24-hour urine with a pH of about

A

6.0

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37
Q

At night, during the mild respiratory acidosis of sleep, a more acidic urine is formed. The acidity is largely due to the buildup of

A

carbon dioxide

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38
Q

A diet high in meat and cranberries will

A

lower urinary pH

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39
Q

The ill effects of salicylic acid poisoning would be aggravated by which of the following:
A. diet rich in meat
B. intake of sodium bicarbonate
C. diet high in citrus fruits
D. prohibition of acid phosphate ingestion

A

A. diet rich in meat

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40
Q

In the tubular cells, the passing filtrate acquire hydrogen ions in exchange for

A

sodium ions

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41
Q

Which pair of dipstick and its number of chemical parameters is incorrect?
A. Multistix 10 SG - 10
B. Uristix -2
C. Diastix – 2
D. Chemstrip G – 1

A

C. Diastix – 2

42
Q

The Uristix reagent strip can detect

A

glucose and protein only

43
Q

The titratable acidity of a 24-hour urine collected in ice utilizes as titrant the

A

0.1N NaOH

44
Q

Bacterial growth in urine specimen is characterized by all of the following except
A. clouding that cannot be cleared by acidification
B. clouding that can be removed by paper filtration
C. marked alkaline shift to a pH > 8.0
D. marked unsuitability as sample for bacterial culture

A

B. clouding that can be removed by paper filtration

45
Q

The most accurate means of determining the pH of urine samples is the
A. blue and red litmus paper method
B. pH meter with a glass electrode
C. titratable acidity testing using a 24-hour urine sample (in ice)
D. reagent strip using bromthymol blue and methyl red

A

B. pH meter with a glass electrode

46
Q

The protein uromucoid is secreted by the cells in the distal tubular cells and ascending loop of Henle. It is highly associated with cast formation. It is also referred to as the

A

Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein

47
Q

The presence of Bence Jones protein the urine is suggestive of

A

Multiple myeloma

48
Q

A hazy urine with high protein content collected after a heavy exercise is an example of

A

Functional proteinuria

49
Q

To detect the kinds of protein in the urine, what is needed is

A

Electrophoresis

50
Q

The catabolic products derived from lipids which can become potentially toxic are the

A

ketone bodies

51
Q

When lipid is lost in the urine, many granular casts, fatty casts and oval fat bodies are found in the urine sediment. Oval fat bodies are actually

A

fat-laden renal tubular epithelial cells

52
Q

Tubular pattern proteinuria is seen in all of the following conditions except
A. Fanconi’s syndrome
B. Pyelonephritis
C. Wilson’s disease
D. Nephrotic syndrome

A

D. Nephrotic syndrome

53
Q

The tubular pattern proteinuria cannot be easily detected using reagent strip methods due to the type of protein involved – the low molecular weight proteins such as alpha-1-microglobulin, light-chain immunoglobulins and lysozymes. On the other hand, glomerular pattern proteinuria is detected because the protein involved is mainly

A

albumin

54
Q

Type of proteinuria characterized by the excretion of 4 g. of protein /day is described as

A

heavy

55
Q

Also referred to as orthostatic proteinuria is

A

postural proteinuria

56
Q

Which substance may affect urinary pH testing?

A

protein

57
Q

Which statement regarding protein testing is not true?
A. Reagent strips are not sensitive in measuring globulins but sensitive to albumin.
B. Both albumin and globulins can be precipitated using SSA and TCA.
C. Reagent strips can be used in assessing the degree of proteinuria.
D. Both reagent strips and SSA and TCA methods are for urine protein screening

A

C. Reagent strips can be used in assessing the degree of proteinuria.

57
Q

Which statement regarding protein testing is not true?
A. Reagent strips are not sensitive in measuring globulins but sensitive to albumin.
B. Both albumin and globulins can be precipitated using SSA and TCA.
C. Reagent strips can be used in assessing the degree of proteinuria.
D. Both reagent strips and SSA and TCA methods are for urine protein screening

A

C. Reagent strips can be used in assessing the degree of proteinuria.

58
Q

What substance in the urine is tested using the Kjeldahl method and Biuret reaction?

A

protein

59
Q

Bence Jones protein is best detected in urine via

A

Protein electrophoresis

60
Q

Which blood glucose level exceeds the renal threshold for glucose leading to glucosuria?

A. 100 mg/dL
B. 157 mg/dL
C. 130 mg/dL
D. 220 mg/dL

A

D. 220 mg/dL

61
Q

Urine glucose testing serves to check endocrine function to diagnose the disease

A

Diabetes mellitus

62
Q

The common thing about using reagent strips for glucose testing such as Clinistix, Multistix and Chemstrip is the

A

double sequential enzyme reaction

63
Q

The copper reduction tablet test for glucose is the

A

Clinitest

64
Q

What enzyme will oxidize glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide?

A

glucose oxidase

65
Q

The range of drops required of the urine sample in the glucose testing using Clinitest is

A

2 to 5

66
Q

O-toluidine is the chromogen used in which reagent strip for glucose?

A

Clinistix

67
Q

All of the following are reducing sugars except

A. glucose
B. fructose
C. galactose
D. sucrose

A

D. sucrose

68
Q

If a pass through phenomenon happens in the glucose test using Clinitest, one should do
A. retesting using lesser amount of urine sample
B. recollection of urine sample and retesting glucose
C. confirm the result using Benedict’s method
D. no additional testing and results obtained can be reported

A

A. retesting using lesser amount of urine sample

69
Q

In galactokinase deficiency, galactose cannot be converted to glucose. From what sugar was the galactose that appears in the urine derived?

A

lactose

70
Q

Which of the following tests is the most specific for urinary glucose testing?

A. Clinitest
B. Clinistix
C. Benedict’s test
D. Copper reduction test

A

B. Clinistix

71
Q

What compound of copper is colored red?

A

Cu2O

72
Q

What method is best to measure the individual reducing sugars in urine?

A

Thin layer chromatography

73
Q

What organic substances are products of incomplete lipid metabolism?

A

ketone bodies

74
Q

The most abundant among these organic substances in the urine is

A

urea

75
Q

The most abundant among these inorganic urine constituents is

A

chloride

76
Q

Ketonuria may be seen in all of the following conditions except
A. fasting
B. type I diabetes mellitus
C. excessive exercise
D. carbohydrate-rich diet

A

D. carbohydrate-rich diet

77
Q

Sodium nitroferricyanide reaction (Acetest) is specific for urinary

A

diacetate

78
Q

Rothera’s wet method can detect all of the following except
A. acetoacetic acid
B. beta-hydroxybutyrate
C. acetone
D. ketone bodies

A

B. beta-hydroxybutyrate

79
Q

The main ingredient of the Gerhardt’s test for the detection of urine diacetic acid is

A

ferric chloride

80
Q

Which of the following substances is an oxidizing agent?

A. ascorbic acid
B. glutathione
C. hydrogen peroxide
D. uric acid

A

C. hydrogen peroxide

81
Q

If delay in testing for ketone bodies cannot be prevented, the urine sample should be

A

refrigerated at 2-10 degrees Celsius

82
Q

The Multistix reagent pad for blood uses of the chromogen tetramethylbenzidine which, in the presence of blood, causes a color change from

A

yellow to green

83
Q

What red-brown pigment in the urine is produced after rhabdomyolysis?

A

myoglobin

84
Q

Which of the following is not a breakdown product of hemoglobin?

A. bilirubin
C. hemosiderin
B. amino acids
D. haptoglobin

A

D. haptoglobin

85
Q

The Diazo (p-nitrobenzenediazonium p-toluene sulfonate) tablet test is for the detection of urine

A

bilirubin

86
Q

Ehrlich’s aldehyde reaction is the formation of reddish-brown color due to

A

urobilinogen

87
Q

Bilirubin can be detected using all of the following methods except
A. Ictotest
C. Diazo reagent strip
B. Yellow foam test
D. Blondheim method

A

D. Blondheim method

88
Q

Schwartz-Watson test differentiates between the presence of urobilinogen and

A

porphobilinogen

89
Q

Inverse Ehrlich’s reaction is also known as

A

Hoesch’s test

90
Q

A positive nitrite test indicates _________, while a positive leukocyte esterase test indicates ________

A

bacteriuria, pyuria

91
Q

C-Stix reagent strips are impregnated with buffered phosphomolybdates to detect

A

ascorbic acid

92
Q

The 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) is a byproduct of metabolism of

A

serotonin

93
Q

If serotonin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan, melanin is derived from which amino acid?

A

tyrosine

94
Q

Defects in the synthesis of heme moiety of hemoglobin would cause

A

porphyrias

95
Q

What apparatus is required to detect the lavender to violet fluorescence of porphyrins after acidification of urine sample and addition of glacial acetic acid:ethyl acetate mixture?

A

Wood’s lamp

96
Q

Which of the following has a peroxidase-like activity?

A. hexokinase
C. heme
B. myoglobin
D. hydrogen peroxide

A

C. heme

97
Q

The most abundant among the ketone bodies which accounts 78% of the total in urine is
A. acetone
C. acetoacetic acid
B. beta-hydroxybutyric acid
D. urea

A

B. beta-hydroxybutyric acid

98
Q

Which pathologic condition would cause a positive Acetest?

A. diabetes mellitus
C. diabetes insipidus
B. nephrotic syndrome
D. high fat diet

A

D. high fat diet

99
Q

Which chemical parameter is not found in Multistix 10 SG?
A. Urobilinogen
C. Nitrite
B. Ascorbic acid
D. Leukocyte esterase

A

B. Ascorbic acid

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