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Aaaa > CLINICAL MICROSCOPY > Flashcards

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY Flashcards

1
Q

The yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of a pigment, which Thudichum named

A

Urochrome

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2
Q

Urochrome levels is standing urine sample at room temperature

A

Increase

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3
Q

S.G of urine in patient with Diabetes mellitus

A

Increase/ Hypersthenuria

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4
Q

S.G of urine in patient with Diabetes insipidus

A

Decrease/ Hyposthenuria

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5
Q

Produces yellow foam in urine when shaken

A

Bilirubin and Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

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6
Q

Produces white foam in urine when shaken

A

Protein/albumin

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7
Q

Major ORGANIC substance in urine

A

Urea

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8
Q

Major INORGANIC substance in urine

A

Chloride

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9
Q

The single most useful substance that identifies a fluid as urine is its uniquely high _________ concentration (approximately 50 times that of plasma)

A

Creatinine

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10
Q

Defined as the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water (SG 1.000) at a similar temperature

A

Specific gravity

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11
Q

Principle of refractometer

A

Refractive index

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12
Q

Refers to the index of the velocity of light in air / velocity of light in solution

A

Refractive index

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13
Q

Preservative:

Most common and easiest Can be used for microbiological studies PRECIPITATES AMORPHOUS CRYSTALS

A

Refrigeration (up to 24 hours)

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14
Q

Preservative:

Does not interfere with routine test

A

Toluene and Phenol

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15
Q

Preservative:

Excellent sediment preservative Fixative for Addis counting

A

Formalin

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16
Q

Preservative:

For automated instrument

A

Yellow plain UA

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17
Q

Preservative:

For culture and sensitivity and protein testing

A

Boric acid

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18
Q

Preservative:

Used for cytology

A

Saccomano (preferred) and Formalin

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19
Q

Preservative:

Catecholamines (e.g epinephrine)

A

Concentrated HCL

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20
Q

Preservative:

For quantitative analysis of steroids, hormones,

A

Acids (HCl, glacial acetic acid)

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21
Q

Saccomano fixative

A

50% ETHANOL + 2%CARBOWAX (POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL)

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22
Q

Analyte least affected or unaffected in unpreserved urine

A

Protein / albumin

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23
Q

Trichomonads on unpreserved urine will ______ due to loss of characteristic motility and death

A

Decrease

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24
Q

Urine colors:

Carotene

A

Orange

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25
Q

Urine colors:

Phenol when oxidized

A

blue-green or Green

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26
Q

Urine colors:

Phenol derivatives

A

Black or Brown (Brunzel)

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27
Q

Urine colors:

Rifampin

A

red or orange red

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28
Q

Urine colors:

Myoglobin (25mg/dl), RBC, and beets

A

Red

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29
Q

Urine colors:

Porphyrin

A

Port-wine or Burgundy Red

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30
Q

Urine colors:

Fucsin /aniline dye in candy

A

Red

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31
Q

Urine clarity reporting:

No visible particulates, transparent

A

CLEAR

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32
Q

Urine clarity reporting:

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

A

HAZY

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33
Q

Urine clarity reporting:

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

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34
Q

Urine clarity reporting:

Print cannot be seen through urine

A

Turbid

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35
Q

Urine clarity reporting:

May precipitate or be clotted

A

Milky

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36
Q

Lab correlation in urine turbidity:

Amorphous urates, radiographic contrast media

A

Acidic urine

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37
Q

Lab correlation in urine turbidity:

Amorphous phosphates, carbonates

A

Alkaline urine

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38
Q

Lab correlation in urine turbidity:

Amorphous urates, uric acid crystals

A

Soluble with heat

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39
Q

Lab correlation in urine turbidity:

RBCs, Amorphous phosphates, carbonates

A

Soluble in dilute acetic acid

40
Q

Lab correlation in urine turbidity:

WBCs, Bacteria, yeast, spermatozoa

A

Insoluble in dilute acetic acid

41
Q

Lab correlation in urine turbidity:

Lipids, lymphatic fluid,chyle

A

Soluble in ether

42
Q

Specimen volume

A

10 to 15 ml (average of 12ml)

43
Q

Container capacity

A

50 ml

44
Q

Types of specimen for glucose monitoring

A

a. first morning urine sample
b. second morning urine sample
c. 2-hours post prandial urine sample

45
Q

Types of specimen for culture and sensitivity

A

a. Midstream clean catch
b. Catheterized urine sample
c. Suprapubic aspiration (especially for anaerobic microbes)

46
Q

Used to differentiate kidney infections

A

Catheterized, ureteral collection technique

47
Q

Used with patients (e.g infants and newborn) unable to urinate voluntarily * the patient is checked every 15 minutes to see if an adequate specimen has been collected.

A

Pediatric collection bag

48
Q

For ease and convenience, routine screening. It is collected at any time, usually during daytime hours, and without prior patient preparation

A

Random urine

49
Q

Used for quantitative measurements of analyte that shows diurnal/circardian variation (e.g hormones, proteins, glomerular filtration rate)

A

Time specimens

50
Q

To obtain an accurate timed specimen, the patient must begin and end the collection period with an

A

empty bladder

51
Q

In Time Specimens, All specimens should be _________ during the collection period and may also require addition of a chemical preservative

A

refrigerated or kept on ice

52
Q

Preferred specimen for Urobilinogen measurement

A

Afternoon urine
(2pm to 4pm)

53
Q

Urine specimen for cytology

A

Suprapubic aspiration
First morning
Random urine “clean catch” with prior hydration

54
Q

often preferred for cytology studies because the number of epithelial cells present can be significant

A

First morning

55
Q

ideal for cytology

A

Random urine “clean catch”

56
Q

Ideal specimen for screening microalbuminuria

A

12 hours urine specimen

57
Q

For diagnosis of PROSTATIC INFECTION

A

Three glass collection

58
Q

In three glass collection, what container is the first portion of urine?

A

1st container

59
Q

In three glass collection, what container is for the midstream portion?

A

2nd container

60
Q

In three glass collection, what container is the last portion of urine with prostatic fluid?

A

3rd container

61
Q

a device used to measure urine S.G in the base of refractive index

A

Refractometer

62
Q

Specimen volume for refractometer

A

1 drop

63
Q

Requires correction for glucose and protein

A

Refractometer

64
Q

A weighted float attached to a scale

A

Urinometer

65
Q

How much urine volume does the urinometer requires?

A

10 to 15 ml

66
Q

Requires correction for temp, glucose, and protein

A

Urinometer

67
Q

Based on the principle that the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution

A

Harmonic oscillation densitometry

68
Q

It is rarely used today despite its ability to accurately and precisely determine urine specific gravity with linearity up to 1.080

A

Harmonic oscillation densitometry

69
Q

the term to describe urine with a S.G of 1.010

A

Isosthenuric

70
Q

term to describe urine with S.G of <1.010

A

Hyposthenuric/Diluted urine

71
Q

term to describe urine with S.G of

A

> 1.010

72
Q

Normal random urine S.G

A

1.002 to 1.035

73
Q

Condition Associated with urine S.G of greater than 1.035 or >1.040

A

Radiographic contrast dye/x-ray film, Dextran, and plasma expanders

74
Q

Principle:

Refractive index

A

Refractometer

75
Q

Principle:

Density

A

Urinometer / Hydrometer and Harmonic oscillation densitometry

76
Q

Principle:

pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte

A

Reagent strip

77
Q

In refractometer and Urinometer S.G reading, for every 1 gram of glucose you need to subtract ___-

A

0.004

78
Q

In refractometer and Urinometer S.G reading, for every 1 gram of protein you need to subtract

A

0.003

79
Q

Formula for S.G Dilution = Diluted S.G x dilution Example: A specimen diluted 1:5 with a reading of 1.010 would have an actual S.G of__

A

1.050

80
Q

Odor of urine

A

Urinod

81
Q

Odor of urine:

Asparagus, Garlic, Onion ingestion UTI, or increase urinary urea

A

Pungent odor or distinctive

82
Q

Odor of urine:

DM, and ketones

A

Fruity

83
Q

Odor of urine:

PKU

A

Mousy, musty, or Barny

84
Q

Odor of urine:

Acute tubular necrosis

A

Odorless

85
Q

Odor of urine:

Asparagus, garlic, and egg

A

Mercaptan

86
Q

Odor of urine:

Cystinuria

A

Sulfur / rotten egg

87
Q

Odor of urine:

Trimetylaminuria

A

Galunggong/ fishy odor/rotten fish

88
Q

Odor of urine:

AROMATIC, FRAGRANT

A

NORMAL

89
Q

Odor of urine:

UTI, Bacterial decomposition

A

AMMONIA-Like, Fetid

90
Q

Odor of urine:

MSUD

A

Maple syrup/ Caramel sugar

91
Q

Odor of urine:

Tyrosinemia

A

Rancid

92
Q

Odor of urine:

Isovaleric acidemia

A

Sweaty feet

93
Q

Odor of urine:

Methionine malabsorption

A

Cabbage, HOPS

94
Q

Odor of urine:

CONTAMINATION

A

BLEACH

95
Q

Odor of urine:

Hawkinsinuria

A

Swimming poo

96
Q

Odor of urine:

Hydroxymethylglutaric aciduria

A

Cat Urine

97
Q

Odor of urine:

Multiple carboxylase deficiency

A

Tom Cat

Aaaa (21 decks)

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