P1: Coastal Landscapes

Question 1

erosion

Answer 1

when soil and rock is worn down

Question 2

Abrasion

Answer 2

sandpapering effect of pebbles grinding over a rocky platform causing it to become smooth

Question 3

corrasion

Answer 3

fragments of rock are picked up and hurled by the sea at the cliff acting like tools.

Question 4

Hydraulic power

Answer 4

waves smash into cliffs. trapped air is forced into holes and cracks the rock

Question 5

attrition

Answer 5

rock fragments carried by the sea knock against one another causing them to become smaller and more rounded

Question 6

suspension

Answer 6

floating on the water

Question 7

solution

Answer 7

dissolved in the water

Question 8

traction

Answer 8

rolling over sea bed

Question 9

saltation

Answer 9

bounce over sea bed

Question 10

Long Shore Drift

Answer 10

prevailing wind send waves. The swash comes up at an angle and backwash perpendicular to the coast. It is then carried to groynes

Question 11

Destructive waves

Answer 11

Destroy beaches, tall and not wide, strong swash and weak backwash

Question 12

Constructive wave

Answer 12

Create beaches, Small and wide, strong backwash and weak swash

Question 13

Wave formation

Answer 13

fetch - the distance the waves travel to coast
Wave speed and duration

Question 14

Breaking waves

Answer 14

1. winds make waves circular
2. Friction with seabed stops circular motion
3. Increasingly elliptical orbit top moves faster
4. Waves break
5. Water rushes up the beach

Question 15

Mass movement

Answer 15

the downslope movement or rock and soul under the influence of gravity

Question 16

Landslide

Answer 16

blocks of rock sliding down a slide plane

Question 17

rockfall

Answer 17

rock fragment breaking away down a screeslope

Question 18

slumping

Answer 18

saturated soil slumping along a curved surface

Question 19

mudslide

Answer 19

saturated soil flows down a slope

Question 20

Weathering

Answer 20

the breakdown of rock in situ

Question 21

Mechanical weathering

Answer 21

water freezes in gaps and expands in size by 9% over time more and more freezes making it bigger.

Question 22

Biological weathering

Answer 22

plants grow into gaps and loosen rocks breaking them down .animals also dig holes in rocks and open up gaps

Question 23

Chemical weathering

Answer 23

also called honeycomb weathering is when salts erodes rocks

Question 24

Deposition

Answer 24

happens when a wave loses energy and drops its sediment load to the seabed

Question 25

Four conditions for Deposition

Answer 25

constructive waves, shallow beaches, short fetch, low energy

Question 26

Concordant coastline

Answer 26

bands of resistant and less resistant rock running parallel to the coastline

Question 27

Discordant coastline

Answer 27

bands or resistant and less resistant rock running perpendicular to the coastline

Question 28

Bays and Headland formation explanation

Answer 28

. Discordant Coastline
. differential erosion occurs and less resistive material gets erodes very quickly.
. The water becomes deeper at bays and shallower at areas of headlands.
.Wave refraction occurs and the energy is spread out and concentrated at headlands.

Question 29

Headlands erosion

Answer 29

The wave refraction causes a crack in the cliff.
Expands into a cave.
An arch is formed- holes on both sides after erosion.
The weathering gets too much and it can not bare the weight and collapses.
At low tide, you can see a slump.
Coast retreats

Question 30

Spits formation

Answer 30

prevailing winds send waves towards the shore causing long shore drift.
This causes deposition which creates a spit at a point where land changes direction.
When half the entrance to the river is covered then the spit cannot increase and waves are refracted to form a hook.
Water gets stuck in the hook creating a salt marsh.
Pioneer species then grow in this area.
e.g. Spurn heads North Yorkshire.

Question 31

Dunes formation

Answer 31

Onshore winds pick up sand from the beach and transport it inland.
Sand accumulates behind an obstacle such as grass or litter.
As the dunes grow vegetation is used to bind the sands together and stop the dunes from crumbling.
Only form on wide beaches with plenty of sand.
Dunes are blown backwards over time a process known as dune migration

Question 32

Types of dunes

Answer 32

embryo - <1m tall. exposed and loose sand
foredune - slightly large with more vegetation
yellow dunes - same as above but vegetation is more
Mature dunes - can support shrubs and small trees

Question 33

Holderness coast

Answer 33

erodes due to bands of less resistive and more resistive parrallel to the sea.
Shoreline management plan in place to slow down erosion

Question 34

Coastal management strategies

Answer 34

Sea walls
Beach reprofiling
Revetment
Gabions
Beach nourishment
Rock armour
Managed retreat
Offshore breakwater
Groynes

Question 35

CS : Mappleton

Answer 35

North east England, Yorkshire
Why? Cliff made of boulder clay - very weak.
Large fetch, narrow beaches
Schemes Used : Grannite revetments
two rock groynes
Vegetation
Impacts :
- no further erosion
- new infrastructure to promote tourism
- erosion doubled further south
- Spurn head eroded and become a tidal island.