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GCSE BIOLOGY > P1- Cells > Flashcards

P1- Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Define specialised cell

A

Cells that differentiate to form different types of cells as an organism develops

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2
Q

Define eukaryotic cells

A

A cell which has a nucleas and membrane bound organelles (e.g plant and animal cells)

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3
Q

Define prokaryotic cells

A

Cells that don’t have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles (e.g bacteria cells)

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4
Q

Define plasmids

A

Small rings of DNA

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5
Q

Define DNA loop

A

Main genetic component not stored in the nucleas

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6
Q

What organelles are only in the plant cell?

A

Cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast

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7
Q

Elements of a light microscope

A

Samples can be alive but generally dead, very thin samples needed, 2D image, sample may have to be stained

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8
Q

Elements of an electron microscope

A

Samples are dead, sometimes thinly sliced, 3D image, much higher magnification and resolution

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9
Q

Define magnification

A

How much bigger a sample appears to be under microscope than it is in real life

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10
Q

Define resolution

A

The clarity and detail of the image under the microscope

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11
Q

Conversion of millimetres to micrometers to nanometres

A

x1000

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12
Q

Equation for magnification

A

Image= Actual image x Magnification

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13
Q

Define stem cells

A

An undifferentiated cell that has not undergone differentiation

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14
Q

What can embryonic stem cells differentiate into?

A

Any type of cell

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15
Q

What can adult stem cells (bone marrow) differentiate into?

A

Only blood cells (RBCS, WBCs or platelets)

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16
Q

Where are plant stem cells found and what do they differentiate into?

A

Plant meristems, differentiate into plant cells the plant may need (e.g palisade, root hair, phloem or xylem)

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17
Q

Define therapeutic cloning

A

An embryo is produced with same gene as the patient. Stem cells from embryo aren’t rejected by patients body so they can be used for medical treatment

18
Q

Define mitosis

A

Cell division which produces two identical daughter cells for growth and repair

19
Q

What are the steps of mitosis?

A

1)DNA in chromosomes copies itself ready for mitosis 2) Chromosomes and their copies are condensed 3) Chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cell 4) Chromosomes and their copies are pulled to different ends of the cell 5) Cells get pulled apart and two genetically identical cells are produced

20
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration. The process is passive and requires no energy

21
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient, temperature and the surface area of the membrane

22
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Greater the difference in concentration gradient, faster the rate of diffusion

23
Q

How does the temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Adding heat, adds kinetic energy. Particles collide more readily and rate of diffusion increases

24
Q

How does the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Larger the surface area, more space for exchange so a faster rate of diffusion

25
Q

Define single cellular organisms

A

Have a very large surface are to volume ratio so they can get all they need via diffusion

26
Q

Define multicellular organisms

A

Have a very small surface area to volume ratio, so needs specialised exchange surfaces to ensure all cells get the substances they need

27
Q

Define osmosis

A

The movement of water particles from an area of high to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

28
Q

What is the name of plant cells in a concentrated solution?

A

Plasmolysed cell (cell membrane shrinks, vacuole loses water)

29
Q

What is the name of plant cells in pure water/ very dilute solution?

A

Turgid cells (cells take in water, gets bigger)

30
Q

What is the name of animal cells in pure water concentration?

A

Lysis

31
Q

What is the name of animal cells in concentrated solution?

A

Crenation

32
Q

Define active transport

A

The movement of particles from an area of low to high concentration against the concentration gradient. From a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution requiring energy from respiration

33
Q

How is active transport used in root hair cells?

A

To absorb mineral ions from the soil

34
Q

How is active transport used in the small intestine?

A

When the concentration of glucose in the small intestine is lower than the concentration of glucose in the blood

35
Q

How is the root hair cell adapted to increase absorption of substances from the soil

A

Large surface area

36
Q

Name one food molecule absorbed into epithelial cells by active transport

A

Glucose

37
Q

Why is it necessary to absorb some food molecules by active transport

A

Going from low to high concentration against concentration gradient requiring energy from respiration

38
Q

Name one substance that plants absorb by active transport

A

Mineral ions

39
Q

How do the highly folded cell surface help the epithelial cell to absorb soluble food

A

Increase the surface area

40
Q

If a cell containing 8 chromosomes divides by mitosis, how many chromosomes will each new cell contain

A

8

41
Q

What is the name of a section of a chromosome that controls a characteristic

A

Gene

42
Q

Why is mitosis important in living organisms

A

To repair tissues

GCSE BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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