P/S lecture 4 Flashcards
what does OCEAN stand for
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
neuroticism
having high levels of emotion
- high neuroticism = more negative emotions
- low neuroticism = low negative emotions
the core component of self concept
personality
defn personality
feelings, way of thinking, beliefs, and behaviors
life course perspective
understanding of personality according to cultural, social, and structural context
psychoanalytic perspective defn and theorist
personality is shaped largely by the unconscious which is developed during childhood; Freud
structural levels of human psyche
id, ego, and superego
id defn
seek pleasure, avoid pain (unconscious)
ego
logical thinking and planning
superego
moral judgements, manages id and ego
psychosexual stages of development and ages
oral (0-1) anal (1-3) phallic (3-6) latency (6-12) genital (12+)
primary focus of phallic, latency, and genital stages of psychosexual development (the 3 i’s)
phallic – identity
latency – interaction
genital – intimacy
libido
life drive (pleasure, survival, and avoiding pain)
death drive
drive twd danger, destruction, and pain
psychosocial stages of development defn and theorist
personality is shaped by social influences; Erikson
1st stage of psychosocial development and age
trust vs mistrust – 0-2
2nd stage of psychosocial development and age
autonomy vs shame – 2-4
3rd stage of psychosocial development and age
initiative vs guilt – 4-5
4th stage of psychosocial development and age
industry vs inferiority – 6-10
5th stage of psychosocial development and age
identity vs role confusion – 12-18
6th stage of psychosocial development and age
intimacy vs isolation– 18+
7th stage of psychosocial development
generativity vs stagnation
8th stage of psychosocial development
integrity vs despair
which psychosocial stage matches most closely with the timeline of Freud’s latency stage
industry vs inferiority
which psychosocial stage matches most closely with the timeline of Freud’s genital stage
identity vs role confusion
humanist perspective defn and theorist
humans want to realize their full potential and are frustrated when that is prevented; Rogers
does conditional or unconditional positive regard lead to a lack of desire to realize potential and define those two terms
conditional; the humanist perspective says that people can only accomplish self actualization when they have been raised with unconditional positive regard; when raised with conditional positive regard, they believe that they must meet certain conditions to feel worth and frustrations in doing so lead to decr desire to
behaviorist perspective defn and theorist
personality is entirely learned based on the behaviors demonstrated in their environment; Skinner
social cognitive theory defn and theorist
personality is a result of behavior, cognitive, and environment factors; bandura
vicarious reinforcement
even though a person is not directly rewarded, they see that a person’s actions are and thus copy them
trait perspective defn and theorist
personality is relatively stable over time; involves traits, habits, thoughts, and emotions; eysenck
findings of temperament and heritability studies
showed that brain part stimulation evokes certain traits
cardinal traits
rare and develop later in life but are very defining of that person
central traits
foundational traits from which others branch off of
secondary traits
situational based on attitude and preference
drive reduction theory
having a need creates an aroused state which drives behavior
james-lange theory
stimulus –> physiological response –> emotion
cannon-bard theory
stimulus –> physiological and emotional response
schnacter-singer theory
stimulus –> physiological response –> cognitive interpretation –> emotion
yerkes-dodson law
there is an optimal level of emotional arousal for performance
ambient stressors
those which are integrated into our environment
cognitive appraisal
personal evaluation of a threat and determination of how stressful it is for us
secondary response to cognitive appraisal
evaluation of damage, ability to cope with threat, and how to deal with it
buffering hypothesis of social support
the idea that social support creates a protective layer for a person from a stressful event
direct effects hypothesis of social support
social support allows a person to find a direct approach to managing stressful event
cognitive dissonance
when behaviors and beliefs do not match or if two beliefs do not match, a person feels negative tension
principle of aggregation as it relates to attitude
attitude determines the aggregate or average of a persons behavior but not each and every isolated act
when does attitude predict behavior?
- when social influences are reduced
- when we observe the general patterns of behavior
- when a specific belief is held about a behavior
- when a person has the opportunity for self-reflection
when does behavior predict attitude
- when role playing
- after making a declaration
- when alot of effort is put into something
