P/S lecture 3 Flashcards
dramaturgical perspective
idea that we play certain roles in different contexts and that people present themselves according to society’s view of what’s acceptable
“front stage” (dramaturgical perspective)
context in which we are aware of how we appear to others
“back stage” (dramaturgical perspective)
context in which we are not worrying about how others see us
self concept
beliefs about who you are personally and socially
characteristics that may be involved in one’s self concept
ADDRESSING: Age, Disabilities (acquired), Disabilities (developmental), Religion, Ethnicity, Sexual orientation, SES, Indigenous background, National origin, Gender
difference btw self concept and self schemas
self concept is made of self schemas; self schemas help process info about oneself and add to the concept
self efficacy
ones belief about their ability
internal locus of control
believing that you are in control of a situation
external locus of control
believing something else is in control of a situation
Seligman experiment
confirmed the existence of learned helplessness – found that dogs when shocked would not try to avoid it if they saw no way out
escape behavior
termination of an unpredicted, unpleasant stimulus that has already occurred e.g. pretending to be ill bc of a pop quiz
avoidance behavior
avoidance of a predicted, unpleasant stimulus before it is initiated e.g. calling in sick bc you have an exam
social learning theory
new behaviors can be learned thru observation and/or imitation i.e. thru social contexts
social comparison theory
determining one’s identity by comparing themselves to others in different reference groups
Selman’s levels of cognitive development
- egocentric (ages 3-6)
- subjective (ages 6-8)
- self reflexive (ages 8-10)
- mutual (10-12)
- societal (12-15+)
role taking
understanding another person’s point of view
moral identity
the degree to which morality if important to a person’s identity
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
- preconventional – interest only in self, obedience, and avoiding punishment
- conventional – interest in conformity, authority, and social order (adolescents and adults)
- postconventional – interest in social contract (ie following rules if we believe them) and universal principles
social facilitation
the concept that we perform tasks differently when people are watching; if a person is good at the task, they do better, and worse if they are bad at it
deindividuation
in groups, emotional arousal incr and personal responsibility decr – we care less about other’s opinions of us
bystander effect
people are less likely to help another person when other people are also around (see diffusion of responsibility)
diffusion of responsibility
responsibility to intervene is inversely related to how many people are present
social loafing
when a person working in a group exerts less effort
peer groups
social groups whose members are close in age and interest
groupthink
when decision is made quickly and often irrationally to achieve a consensus
mindguarding
characteristic of a group; when opposing ideas are prevented from influence
group polarization
occurs when the sum of opinions lean one way before any debate; opinion becomes more polarized toward the preexisting views
conformity vs obedience
adjusting behavior based on: the behavior or thinking of others (conformity) vs the instructions of others (obedience)
attribution theory
the idea that we tend to favor ourselves and disfavor others
factors that lead to external attribution
consistent (same behavior for same situation), distinctive behaviors (same behavior for diff situations), consensus (same behavior for diff ppl)
fundamental attribution error
the idea that we attribute poor behavior of others to internal (dispositional) factors
actor/observer bias
the idea that we attribute our own poor behavior to a situation instead of personality
self serving bias
attributing successes to ourselves and failures to others
optimism bias
believing that bad things only happen to other people
just world belief
believing that bad things happen to other people bc of their actions
ultimate attribution error
looking more favorably upon in-groups
ethnocentrism
belief in the superiority of one group/culture
stereotype threat
when people know that they are at risk of a self fulfilling prophecy (can affect both minority and majority groups)
stereotype boost
when people perform better because they are made aware of the positive stereotype
elaboration likelihood model
theory that describes what part of the argument will cause persuasion – the content or some superficial quality of the argument
target characteristics
aka type of audience – whether or not they have motivation and ability to focus on the message
central route of cognitive processing
when ppl are persuaded by the content of he organization
peripheral route of cognitive processing
when ppl are persuaded by characteristics of speech or speaker
difference btw compliance and private acceptance
both are due to influence of others, but compliance changes behavior whereas private acceptance changes attitude
foot in the door technique
asking for a small request (foot) before a bigger one (all the way in)
door in the face technique
asking for a big request before a small one
low ball technique
getting someone to agree to a low cost then increasing the cost
norm of reciprocity
being more likely to comply with a request from someone who has done us a favor
asch experiment
demonstrated compliance – subjects switched answers when confederates gave arguments against the correct one
milgram experiment findings
demonstrated obedience – people were likely to give up morals when authority told them to
harlow experiment findings
showed that humans are social creatures – monkeys preferred soft mothers over those who fed them
ainsworth experiment findings
securely v insecurely attached children
securely attached
plays and explores around mother; cries when she leave; stops when she comes back
insecurely attached
less likely to explore; cries when mother leaves; continues crying or is indifferent when she returns
ambivalent attachment
type of insecure attachment where child is very dependent – cries when mother leaves and rejects her when she comes back
avoidant attachment
type of insecure attachment where child is very independent – doesnt seek caregiver when they comeback
correspondent interference theory
attributions made to a person acc to their behavior
