P/S 6

Question 1

Concordance rates

Answer 1

-likelihood that twins exhibit same trait

DZ twins share 50% traits
MZ twins share 100% traits

Offspring have 50% from each parent, not 100%

MZ should be COMPLETELY identical, DZ should be 50-50 (if no env component)

Question 2

Where is serotonin found?

Answer 2

Raphe nuclei (brainstem)

Question 3

Family study

Answer 3

Genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than unrelated individuals

• look at heritability
• –freq in family vs freq in population
• limitation: families also share env
• observational, NOT expt’al
• used for comorbidity rates
• would it better be studied with a twin study?
  ex) actual twins being compared, or a developmental environment study- genetics vs env

ALWAYS CONTROL FOR CONFOUNDING FACTORS

Question 4

Hearing

Answer 4

-CN8 -> MGN -> auditory cortex in temporal lobe

COCHLEA is TONOTOPICALLY organized = pitches
-stimulating cochlea is more accurate than stimulating auditory nerve (vestibulocochlear/CN8)

traditional hearing aids bypass pinna

Question 5

Auditory pathway components

Answer 5

• auditory cortex- temporal lobe- process sounds
• inferior colliculus- midbrain, startle reflex, vestibulo-ocular reflex (eyes fixed, head turns)
• MGN- thalamus
• Superior olive- brainstem- left & right ear + localize sound
• Vestibular nerve- spatial orientation
• Cochlear nerve- sound

Proprioception = position, motion, equilibrium (vestibular nerve)

Question 6

Primacy and recency effects

Answer 6

primacy > recency

• recency effect is only working memory; you will forget it by a day
• primacy will be more remembered long term

Question 7

Context effects are…

Answer 7

unconscious

Maintainence rehearsal keeps things in STM, elaborative to LTM- connect w/ info already known like self-ref effect

Question 8

Reticular formation

Answer 8

brainstem

ALERTNESS

Question 9

Limbic system

Answer 9

emotions and memory, including repressed memories

Question 10

Kohlberg stages

Answer 10

Preconv = obedience, self-interest
Conv = Conformity, law and order
Post-conv = social contract (greater good), universal human ethics