P: Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs - Week 10 Flashcards
Name 6 forms of anxiety disorders
- Panic Disorder (PD)
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Post-traumatic Disorder (PTSD)
- Phobias
- Generalised Anxiety Disorder
- Social Anxiety Disorder
Define Panic Disorder.
characterised by sudden episodes of overwhelming fear with somatic/physical symptoms (up HR, SOB, sweating)
Define OCD
compulsive and ritualistic behaviours as well as purposeless activities driven by irrational fears and thoughts (e.g. fear of contamination)
Define PTSD. Also Define Phobias
PTSD = anxiety triggered by recall of past traumatic and stressful experiences
Phobias = intense fears of objects or situations, such as fear of flying, insects or open spaces
Define GAD. Also define Social Anxiety Disorder.
Generalised Anxiety Disorder. A feeling of nervousness, tension or worry not associated with a specific event, situation or object
SAD = fear of being with and interacting with people i.e. meeting new people, public performances
Name 4 neurotransmitter systems that anxiety is associated with the dysregulation of
- GABA
- Serotonin
- Noradrenaline
- Dopamine
What would be the most effective therapeutic agent to treat anxiety disorders?
One that potentiates GABA and serotonin neurotransmission
What are GABA and glutamate? Where are they found in high concentrations? What do they modify? Are they potent at this?
They are amino acid NTs found in high concentrations in the CNS. They are extremely potent modifiers of neuronal excitability
In regards to GABA:
- is it inhibitory or excitatory
- What processes is it involved in? list 4 things
GABA is inhibitory. It is involved in memory, motor control, cognition, and consciousness
Name the 2 classes of GABA receptors and explain how they differ
- GABA-A receptor: is an ionotropic receptor; selectively permeable to Cl-
- GABA-B receptor: is a G-protein coupled receptor; inhibit Ca2+ or activate K+ channels
Explain how the binding of the GABA-A receptor works
Binding this receptor with GABA triggers the opening of a chloride ion selective pore. Increased chloride conductance (i.e. more -ve ions enter neuron) drives the membrane potential of the neuron to become more -ve and therefore less active (neuronal firing is suppressed)
Give another name for ionotropic
ligand-gated
Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory? List 3 processes it is involved with?
Excitatory. Involved with: - learning + memory - growth + development - modulation of motor function
Name the 4 main receptor families for Glutamate. And state whether these receptors are ionotropic or g-protein coupled
- AMPA
- Kainiic acid
- NMDA
- Metabotropic
The first 3 are all ionotropic, whereas no.4 (metabotropic) is g-protein coupled
Describe the distribution of Serotonin in our body (3)
90% found in the gut
8% in platelets
1-2% in Brain + CNS
What is the function of Serotonin (5HT). What is it implicated in? (9)
It is implicated in the regulation of virtually all brain functions incl. mood, perception, anxiety, pain, sleep, temperature, appetite, neuroendocrine control, aggression
How many Serotonin receptors are there? Name them. Are there any subtypes?
7.
5-HT1 – 5-HT7, with subtypes (A-F for 5-HT1 and A-C for 5-HT2)
What 2 classes of drugs can be used in the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders? Describe their effects (3, 2)
- Anxiolytics - relieve anxiety + tension, calm anxious/restless person without impairing consciousness (i.e. don’t induce sleep)
- Hypnotics - produce drowsiness, encourage onset and maintenance of a state of sleep
Define Insomnia. How does it differ to anxiety?
Is a common clinical manifestation of anxiety but NOT a disease entity
Name 5 Benzodiazepine anxiolytics. Describe their naming convention, what is similar about all their names?
- Alprazolam
- Diazepam
- Loraepam
- Nitrazepam
- Oxazepam
Note they all end in ‘pam’
What is the mechanism of action for Benzodiazepine Anxiolytics?
they potentiate the effects of GABA on GABA-A receptors by binding to benzodiazepine (BZ) site
How can we classify Benzodiazepine Anxiolytics? Rank the 5 drugs in terms of this classification
Classify based on half-life Long = Diazepam Medium = Alprazolam Intermediate = Oxazepam Short = Lorazepam Ultra-short = Midazolam