Fusion: 1-3 Horner's - Week 12 Flashcards
What are the relevant parts of this patient’s presentation? (4)
49 yr old woman
collecting new reading glasses
ache in neck and left arm for past week
left lid droopy (ptosis)
Define unilateral ptosis
palpebral fissure symmetry of >/= 1mm, affecting upper eyelid
What can unilateral ptosis result from? (3)
dysfunction of upper-eyelid muscles alongside injury
inflammation or lesions of the lids or orbit
eye surgery
What 2 muscles are involved in the raising of the upper eyelid? What is each muscle innervated by?
Levator palpebrae superioris (CN3 innervation)
Superior tarsal muscle (sympathetic innervation)
What are the 2 common forms of ptosis
acquired and congenital
What are the common causes of ptosis? (5)
age-related trauma, mechanical myogenic neuromuscular neurogenic
Name 2 myogenic causes of ptosis
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy
Name 1 neuromuscular cause of ptosis
Myasthenia Gravis
Name 2 neurogenic causes of ptosis
CNIII palsy
Horner’s syndrome
What changes occur to the levator muscle with age-related ptosis? (3)
loss of muscle tone
inability to hold upper lid in proper position
disinsertion of the aponeurosis
What is ‘aponeurosis’? Explain what it is (1) and its function. (4) What is it important for? (2)
An aponeurosis is a type of connective tissue found throughout the body.
Aponeuroses provide an attachment point for muscles to connect to bone, and can also envelope muscles and organs, bind muscles together, and bind muscles to other tissues. They are important for muscle movement and posture.
What are the risk-factors for age-related ptosis? (4)
chronic CL wear
rubbing of eyes (conjunctivitis)
systemic health conditions
cataracts surgery
(also age as well obviously!)
What condition is a common cause of blepharitis?
trauma-related ptosis
Name the 5 sub-categories of trauma-related ptosis
traumatic myogenic - (laceration of levator)
traumatic aponeurotic - (when eyelid vigorously pulled)
mechanical - (scar tissue)
neurogenic - (neurotoxins, head/neck injury, FBs)
mixed-mechanism
What tests can you use to diagnose CPEO? (3)
comprehensive physical exam
goldmann perimetry: (map range of EOM movement)
muscle biopsy
Describe the ptosis seen in CPEO. Can it be unilateral? (3)
Ptosis asymmetrical. Can be unilateral. Limited ocular motility
What tests can you use to diagnose OPMD? (oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy)
Positive family history: 2 or more generations
Presence of ptosis + dysphagia: (inability do drink 80ml cold water in 8 seconds)
PCR testing for PABPN1 mutation
What are the ptosis related features for OPMD? (4)
slowly progressive bilateral ptosis
EOM weakness
dysphagia
proximal limb weakness
What tests can you use to diagnose Myasthenia Gravis? (3) (also giving very brief explanations)
Edrophonium (tensilon) test: inhibit acetylcholinesterase
Ice test: useful for ptosis. ice on lid (2-5 min) - transient improvement in ptosis
Serum anti-ACh receptor/muscle-specifi kinase antibody titre
Describe the general features of Ocular Myasthenia Gravis (3)
Ptosis most common sign: unilateral or bilateral
Weakness of EOM: incomitant strabismus
Most progress to general Myasthenia Gravis
Can general myasthenia gravis involve neck fatigue?
yes. Also can have jaw fatigue
How does bell’s palsy (facial nerve palsy) affect the face?
weakness/paralysis of all muscles on one side of the face