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N477 > Oxygenation/Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Oxygenation/Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Insufficient O2 transfer to blood

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2
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Inadequate CO2 removal

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3
Q

S/S of Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF)

A
  • Dyspnea/SOB
  • Tachypnea
  • Orthopnea
  • Tachycardia
  • Confusion/altered mental status
  • Irritability/agitation
  • Restlessness
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4
Q

ARF PaO2

A

<60 mmHg

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5
Q

ARF PaCO2

A

> 45 mmHg

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6
Q

Examples of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • Sepsis
  • DIC
  • Inhaling harmful fumes
  • High altitude pulmonary edema
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7
Q

Examples of cardiogenic pulmonary edema

A
  • CHF
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Shock
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8
Q

Increased ventilation perfusion mismatch (V/Q mismatch)

A

Areas of the lung receive O2, but decreased or no blood flow

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9
Q

Example of increased V/Q mismatch

A

Pulmonary emboli

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10
Q

S/S of increased V/Q mismatch

A
  • Severe dyspnea
  • Tachypnea
  • Pain
  • Cough
  • Hemoptysis
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11
Q

Decreased V/Q mismatch

A

Receive blood flow, but no or compromised oxygen exchange

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12
Q

Example of decreased V/Q mismatch

A
  • Mucous plug
  • Secretion in airway
  • Pneumonia
  • Asthma
  • Atelectasis
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13
Q

Shunt extreme V/Q mismatch

A

Blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries without gas exchange - good blood flow shunting away from poorly ventilated alveoli

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14
Q

Examples of shunt extreme V/Q mismatch

A
  • Alveoli filled with fluid
  • Collapsed alveoli
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15
Q

Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure Etiology

A
  • Too slow respirations
  • Too shallow respirations
  • Diminished lung function
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16
Q

Hypercapnia s/s

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Headache
  • Peripheral and conjunctival vasodilation
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypertension
  • Dysrhythmia
  • Disorientation
  • Confusion
  • Decreased LOC
  • Respiratory acidosis
17
Q

Hypercapnia Progression

A
  • Respiratory center depression
  • Decreased rr
  • Progressive somnolence/coma
  • Tremors
  • Seizures
  • Bradycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Cardiac dysrhythmia
18
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Fluid accumulation in the alveoli and interstitial spaces of lungs

19
Q

Most common cause of pulmonary edema

A

Left sided heart failure

20
Q

S/S of pulmonary edema

A
  • SOB
  • Tachypnea
  • Hypoxemia
  • Frothy secretions
  • Rales/crackles during auscultation
21
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Collection of fluid around the lungs/pleural space, limits expansion of lungs

22
Q

S/S of pleural effusion

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Worsening cough
  • Chest pain/pain on inspiration
  • Diminished/absent breath sounds on affected area depending on size
23
Q

Atelectasis

A

Complete or partial collapse of the lung, alveoli within the lung become deflated

24
Q

Common cause of atelectasis

A
  • Airway obstruction from retained exudates/secretions
25
Q

Rapid s/s of atelectasis

A
  • Pain on affected side
  • Sudden dyspnea
  • Cyanosis
26
Q

Gradual s/s of atelectasis

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Mild SOB
  • Coughing
27
Q

CPAP

A

1 pressure setting that delivers a steady continuous pressurized air into the airway throughout spontaneous inspiration and exhalation

28
Q

What is needed for CPAP to work?

A

Intact respiratory drive and adequate tidal volume

29
Q

What does CPAP help with?

A
  • Increases O2
  • Decreases work of breathing
  • Increases intrathoracic pressure
  • Decreases preload/work of heart
30
Q

BiPAP

A

2 pressure settings that delivers a different pressure for inspiratory and expiratory phases of breathing

31
Q

What does BiPAP correct?

A
  • Hypercapnia
  • Hypercarbia
32
Q

ARDS Pathology

A

Acute lung injury from unregulated systemic inflammatory response to acute injury or inflammation

33
Q

ARDS s/s

A
  • Tachypnea with use of accessory muscles at rest
  • Nasal flaring
  • Tachycardia at rest
  • Hypotension
  • Fever possibly
  • Bilateral crackles, coarse rhonchi
  • Cold, mottled dusky extremities
  • Prolonged CRT
34
Q

Worsening s/s of ARDs

A
  • Dyspnea/tachypnea
  • Cough
  • Chest discomfort
  • Anxiety/restlessness
35
Q

ARDS progression

A
  • A: assault to the pulmonary system
  • R: respiratory distress
  • D: decreased lung compliance
  • S: severe respiratory failure

N477 (13 decks)

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