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N477 > Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Renin

A

Regulates BP by controlling blood volume

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2
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Stimulates RBC production

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3
Q

Normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

90-120

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4
Q

Normal urine output

A

0.5-1 ml/kg/hr

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5
Q

Oliguria

A

<400 ml/24 hr

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6
Q

Anuria

A

<200 ml - no output/24 hr

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7
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive output

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8
Q

Azotemia/uremia

A

Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes

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9
Q

Causes of AKI (3)

A
  • Reduced perfusion to kidneys
  • Damage to kidney tissue
  • Obstruction
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10
Q

Prerenal failure

A

Damage before the kidneys

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11
Q

Causes of pre-renal failure

A

Decreased volume/perfusion to the kidneys

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12
Q

Intra-renal failure

A

Damage in the kidneys

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13
Q

Causes of intra-renal failure

A

Prolonged ischemia

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14
Q

Post-renal failure

A

Damage after the kidneys

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15
Q

Causes of post-renal failure

A

Obstruction/blockage in the urinary tract

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16
Q

When can a synthetic AV graft start being used after placement?

A

1-4 weeks

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17
Q

When can a central venous catheter be used after placement?

A

Immediately

18
Q

When can an AV fistula be used after placement?

A

2-3 months

19
Q

Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS)

A

BUN reduced more quickly in body than in the brain causing cerebral edema and electrolyte shifts

20
Q

S/S of DDS (9)

A
  • Headache
  • Restlessness
  • Nausea with/without vomiting
  • Agitation
  • Altered LOC
  • Confusion
  • Seizures
  • Cardiac dysrhythmias
  • Cardiac arrest
21
Q

3 phases of peritoneal dialysis

A
  • Inflow
  • Dwell time
  • Drain
22
Q

Inflow phase of PD

A

Administered over 10 minutes

23
Q

Dwell time phase of PD

A

30 minutes - 8 hours

24
Q

Drain phase of PD

A

15-30 minutes

25
Q

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

A

Patient does the exchange usually 4 times/day while awake

26
Q

Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)

A

Automated peritoneal dialysis uses a machine to perform exchanges at night while the patient is sleeping

27
Q

Renal function

A
  • Maintain fluids/electrolytes
  • Secrete renin, aldosterone, angiotensin, erythropoietin
  • Convert vitamin D to active form (calcitrol)
  • Excrete metabolic wastes
28
Q

Characteristics of AKI

A
  • Sudden reduction in kidney function
  • Decreased GFR
  • Increased BUN, creatinine
  • Decreased urine output
29
Q

Pre-renal AKI management

A
  • Fluid replacement
  • Vasopressors
  • MAP >70
30
Q

Intra-renal AKI management

A
  • Address underlying cause
31
Q

Post-renal AKI management

A
  • Remove blockage
32
Q

S/S of AKI

A
  • Edema
  • Crackles in lungs
  • HTN
  • Azotemia
  • Low SpO2
  • Dyspnea
  • Confusion
  • Distended neck veins, bounding pulse
  • MAP <65
  • Tachycardia
  • Weight gain
  • Decreased urine output
33
Q

Nephrotoxic NSAIDS

A
  • Meloxicam
  • Aspirin
  • Indomethacin
  • Ketorolac
  • Ibuprofen
  • Diclofenac
34
Q

CKD parameters

A
  • Kidney damage with resulting dysfunction
  • GFR <60 lasting for 3 months or longer
  • Urine albumin/proteinuria
35
Q

S/S of hyperkalemia

A
  • Tall, peaked T waves
  • Weakness
  • Tingling, numbness
  • Irregular heartbeat
  • Heart attack
  • Shortened QT interval
  • Flattened P waves
  • Prolonged PR interval
  • Widened QRS complexes
  • Fib, asystole
36
Q

S/S of stage 5 CKD

A
  • Anorexia
  • N/V
  • Itching
  • Fatigue, lack of energy
  • Muscle cramps
  • Very little urine output
  • Change in mental status
37
Q

S/S of peritonitis

A
  • Fever
  • Abdominal pain
  • Rigid, board-like abdomen
  • N/V/D
  • Rebound tenderness
  • Cloudy effluent
  • Decreased bowel sounds
38
Q

How long are dialysis sessions and how many times a week are they done?

A

4 hours 3 times/week

39
Q

What patients are at risk for DDS

A

Patients with BUN levels >200 during their first few sessions of dialysis

40
Q

S/S of organ rejection

A
  • Fever >100.5
  • Weight gain
  • Decreased urine output
  • Persistent/unusual weakness or fatigue
  • SOB
  • Aches, pains
41
Q

Foods high in potassium

A
  • Oranges
  • Bananas
  • Beans
  • Milk
  • Carrots
  • Potatoes
  • Deep green leafy veggies
  • Tomatoes
  • Fish
  • Nuts
42
Q

Food high in phosphorus

A
  • Meats
  • Poultry
  • Fish
  • Nuts
  • Beans
  • Dairy products

N477 (13 decks)

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