Oxygenation Flashcards
Costal Angle
the curvature of the body of a rib
Costal Margin
the lower edge of the chest formed by the bottom edge of the rib cage
Costovertebral angle (CVA)
angle formed on either side of the human back between the twelfth rib and the vertebral column
Anterior Axillary Line
a coronal line on the anterior torso marked by the anterior axillary line
Midaxillary Line
a coronal line on the torso between the anterior axillary line and the posterior axillary line
Posterior Axillary Line
coronal line on the posterior torso marked by the posterior axillary fold
Scapular Line
a vertical line passing through the inferior angle of the scapula (eval of brachial plexus birth palsy)
Midspinal Line
runs in the midline overlying the spinous processes of the entire vertebral column from occiput to the coccyx
Adventitious
abnormal breath sounds heard over the lungs
Alveoli
small air sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are the site of gas exchange
Angina Pectoris
chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease
Aortic Regurgitation
the diastolic flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle; regurgitation is due to incompetence of the aortic valve or any disturbance of the valvular apparatus resulting in the diastolic flow of blood into the ventricular chamber
Aortic Stenosis
a disease of the heart valve in which the aortic valve is narrowed
Aortic Valve
valve located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta, the largest artery in the body, which carries the entries output of blood to the systemic circulation
Apical Impulse
the heartbeat as heard with a stethoscope placed on the chest wall adjacent to the apex cordi
Apnea
absence of breathing
Atelectasis
incomplete expansion or collapse of a part of the lungs
Base of the Heart
formed mainly by the left atrium and to a lesser extent by the posterior part of the right atrium, directed backward and to the right, and separated from the vertebral column by the esophagus and aorta
Biot’s Respiration
abrupt and irregularly alternating periods of apnea with period of breathing that are consistent in rate and depth, often the result of increased intracranial pressure
Bronchial Breath Sounds
those heard over the trachea; high in pitch and intensity, with expiration being longer than inspiration
Bronchodilator
medication that relaxes contractions of smooth muscles of the bronchioles
Bronchophony
the abronormal transmission of sounds from the lungs or bronchi
Bronchovesicular Breath Sounds
normal breath sounds heard over the upper anterior chest and intercostal area
Cilia
microscopic hair-like projections that propel mucus toward the upper airway so that it can be expectorated
Cheyne-Stokes Respirations
gradual increase and then gradual decrease in depth of respirations followed by a period of apnea
Consolidation
the process of becoming or the condition ofbeing solid; said especially of the lung as it fills with exudate in pneumonia
Cor Pulomale
an alteration in the structure and function of the right ventricle caused by a primary disorder of the respiratory system
Crackles
fine-crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions in the lungs
Crepitation
a crackling sound made in breathing by a person with an inflamed lung, detected using a stehoscope
Diffusion
tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established
Dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
Egophony
an increased resonance of sounds heard when ausculating the lungs, often caused by lung consolidation and fibrosis
Endotracheal Tube
polyvinyl-chloride airway that is inserted through the nose or the mouth into the trachea, using a laryngoscope as a guide
Erb’s Point
the third intercostal space on the left sternal boarder where S2 is best ausculated
Fremitus
vibration of the chest wall that can be palpated during the physical examination
Hemothorax
blood that develops in the pleural space
Hyperpnea
abnormal increase in depth and rate of respiration
Hyperventilation
condition in which there is more than the normal amount of air entering and leaving lungs
Hypoventilation
decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs
Hypoxemia
deficient oxygenation of blood
Hypoxia
inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells
Kussmaul Respirations
an extreme rate and depth of breathing
Mitral Regurgitation
an abnormal reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium caused by a disruption in any part of the mitral valve apparatus
Mitral Stenosis
a condition in which the heart’s mitral valve is narrow (stenotic). This abnormal valve doesn’t open properly, blocking blood flow coming into your left ventricle, the main pumping chamber of your heart. Rheumatic fever is a main cause
Mitral Valve
the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart, consisting of two tapered cusps
Murmur
an atypical sound of the heart typically indicating a functional or structural abnormality
Nasal Cannula
disposable, plastic device that delivers oxygen via two protruding prongs for insertion into the nostrils
Nebulizer
instrument that disperses fine particles of medication into the deeper passages of the respiratory tract where absorption occurs
Orthopnea
type of dyspnes in which breathing is easier when the patient sits or stands
Palpitation
method of examining by feeling a part with the fingers or hand
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)
attacks of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occurs at night
Perfusion
process by which oxygenated blood passes through body tissues
Pericardial Friction Rub
an audible medical sign used in the diagnosis of pericarditis. Upon ausculation, this sign is an extra heart sound of to-and-fro chapter, typically with three components, one systolic and two diastolic
Platypnea
shortness of breath that is relieved when lying down, and worsens when sitting or standing up. The opposite of orthopnea
Pleural Effusion
fluid in the pleural space
Pneumothorax
air in the pleural space
Precordium
anterior surface of the chest wall overlaying the heart and its related structures
Pulmonic Valve
the semilunar valve of the hear that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps
Spirometer
instrument used to measure lung capacities and volumes; one type is used to encourage deep breathing (incentive spirometry)
Sputum
respiratory secretion expelled by coughing or clearing the throat
Surfactant
detergent-like phospholipid that reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli
Syncope
temporary loss of consciousness caused by fall in blood pressure
Tachypnea
rapid rate of breathing
Thoracentesis
aspiration of fluid or air from the pleural space
Thrill
abronmal tremor accompanying a vascular or cardiac murmur felt on palpation
Tracheostomy
artificial opening made into the trachea through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted
Tricuspid Valve
first valve blood encounters in the heart, it stands between the right atrium and the right ventricle and it allows blood to flow only from the atrium into the ventricle
Vesicular Breath Sounds
normal sounds of respirations heard on auscultation over peripheral lung sounds
Wheeze
continuous, high-pitched squeak or musical sound made as air moves through narrowed or partially obstructed airway passages
Heart Sounds - S1
sound heard at the beginning of systole, end of diastole, and is related to the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
Heart Sounds - S2
occurs at the beginning of diastole, and is related to the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves
Heart Sounds - S3
occurs when there is increased atrial pressure leading to increased flow rates, occurs when there is congestive heart failure, or less commonly, when there is valvular regurgitation and left to right shunts
Heart Sounds - S4
occurs just after atrial contraction “atrial kick” at the end of diastole and immediately before S1. This is seen in patients with stiffened left ventricles, resulting from conditions such as hypertension, aortic stenosis, ischemic or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In patient with mitral regurgitation, suggestive of acute onset of regurgitation due to the rupture of the chorda tendinae that anchor the Valvular leaflets.
