Oxygen friend of foe Flashcards
what was the first life sustaining process
photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
first element in the world
nitrogen
what to cyanobacteria do
fix Co2 dissolved in the water and release oxygen
how many times is anaerobic inefficient compared to aerobic
16
porto-bacteria ( oxygen using) got swallowed by bigger cells and used them as specialised intracellular breathing compartments. The bacteria then become what
mitochondria - these then grow into eukaryotic cells
how much O2 in atmosphere
21%
colourless odourless and tasteless
covalent bond results from the filling of molecular orbitals of each atom
can oxygen react with smoke
yes
functions of ATP
substances across cell membrane
muscle contraction ( chromosome and flagella)
energy for cells
atp made of what
adenine and ribose bound to 3 phosphate groups through phosphate ester bond and 2 high energy phosphoanhydride bonds
Atp bond lose how much energy
30.6kj/mol
which organ uses the most energy
liver - blood glucose -27%
Brian second with 19%
neurones -80% of this - synapse
what is the BMR
basal metabolic rate - rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. Define as the Total energy conversion rate of a person at rest. - not active
how much energy is lost by BMR
exercise
thermogenesis/digestion of food
respectively
70
20
10%
redox reaction
transfer of oxygen between two species
reducing agent
supplies electrons
oxidation agent
accepts electrons
oxidation
removal of electron
Fe2+ –> Fe3+ + e-
reduction
addition of e-
Fe3+ + e- –> Fe2+
respiration is
the process of breaking down organic molecules to harvest chemical energy
glucose completely oxidised
what disaccharides is glucose broken down from
sucrose and lactose
What family of glucose transporters are used in mammals
GLUT/SLC2A
mostly GLUT1 - two conformational states - glucose binding site faces the outside of the membrane , in the other a glucose binding site faces the inside
Two types of electron carriers that are both derived from vitamin D that are important in respiration
NAD+- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
FAD- flavin adenine dinucleotide
Reduced forms of electron carriers are NADH and FADH2 are produced when
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
Glucose can relatively easily and can be converted to what in the cytoplasm of cells
glucose-6-Phosphate
what is the pathway that coverts glucose-6-Phosphate into glycogen ( glycogen is a glucose reserve for blood and muscles, most stored in liver and muscle tissues)
glycogenesis
when the body needs glucose a process know as what breaks down glycogen into glucose
glycogenesis
via what pathway does glucose-6 phosphate form ribose ( essential for nucleic acid synthesis as well as some fatty acids )
pentose phosphate pathway
glucose-6-phophate Is converted to what 3 carbon molecule
pyruvate
38ATP total
Generation of most of the energy occurs in the mitochondria membrane from acetyl CoA in the electron transport chain. Also when we get to this stage we produce citrate which go on to the production of what
fatty acids
4 main stages of respiration
glycolysis
link reaction
Krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
in the process of lactic acid fermentation pyruvate is converted to lactase by what enzyme
lactase dehydrogenase
lactate goes to the liver to undergo gluconeogenesis - what is this?
production of new glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substances such as lactate and glycerol and glycogenic aa
when does lactic acidosis occur
in the presence of inadequate tissue perfusion , abnormalities in carb metabolism and with the use of certain medications
Serum lactate levels can be both a marker for risk as well as a therapeutic target.
where does glycolysis take place in a cell
cytoplasm
where does Krebs cycle occur
mitochondrial matrix
where does the link reaction take place
mitochondrial matrix
in the link stage what happens
pyruvate I converted and oxidised into Acetyl CoA - pyruvate oxidations , electrons transferred and CO2 formed
for each glucose molecule at the stage of Krebs what haas been made NADH FADHs ATP CO2
8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
6 CO2
1 turn of Krebs cycle produces what
3 NADH
1 GTP
1 FADH2
2CO2
I glucose molecule through the link stage produces what
2 NADH
2CO2
what happens to oxygen in the electron transport chain
electrons reduced oxygen producing water
and electro from NADH and FADH2 are passed to protein complexes iin the electron transport chain
accepted by oxygen at terminal acceptor and combines with two hydrogen to form water