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Respiratory > allergy and asthma > Flashcards

allergy and asthma Flashcards

1
Q

are physical barriers, phagocytes ( neutrophils, baso,neutro,eosino, natural killer) and complement cascade )
part of innate or acquired

A

innate

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2
Q

are T cell and B cell immunity ( with antibodies and classical pathway)

A

acquired/adaptive

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3
Q

where do B cell mature

A

bone marrow

sometimes lymph nodes

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4
Q

where do T cells mature

A

precursor T celll migrate from the bone marrow to thymus and mature here

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5
Q

what do vaccinations try and prevent

A

the first immune response

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6
Q

how are helper T cells activated and action

A

they receive info from MHC-11 via an APC and the helper T cell ( CB4) undergoes clonal selection to create memory T cells or release interleukins to activate , B cells - humoral immunity
killer T cells to give cellular immunity and neurotrpihls and macrophages to nonspecific defence

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7
Q

humeral immunity

A

involves substances found in extracellular fluids such as antibodies

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8
Q

cellular immunity

A

cell mediated immunity - does not involve antibodies - release of cytokines

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9
Q

Naive T cells activate Treg cells by

A

IL-2

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10
Q

functions of Treg cells

A

suppresses tumeur immunity
promotes immune tolerance
maintains lymphocyte homeostasis

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11
Q

naive T helper cells activate Th1

A

IL-12

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12
Q

function of th1

A

promotes tumour immunity
intracellular pathogens
drives autoimmunity

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13
Q

function of Th2

A

extracellular pathogens
allergy
asthma

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14
Q

naive T helper cells activate Th2 cells by what cytokine

A

Il-4

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15
Q

function of Th17

A

controversial tumour immunity
breaks immune tolerance
extracellular bacteria
autoimmunity

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16
Q

what cells maintain the balance between Th1 and Th2 populations

A

Treg cells

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17
Q

what is a helminth

A

parasitic worm

18
Q

Th2 cells activate eosinophils by Il-5 to cause degranulation to destroy helminths - what antibody is used

A

IgE

19
Q

What is it called when an antibody switches to another antibody

A

class switching

20
Q

what is the function of Fc receptors

A

found on surface of certain ells including B lymphocytes , follicular cells , dendritic cells, basophils and mast cells etc and they bind to antibodies that are attached to infected or invading cell pathogens

21
Q

mast cells are found most commonly where

A

in tissue surrounded by blood vessels - so can’t really be measured in the blood

22
Q

what process between IgE antibodies by allergen initiates a process of intra cellular signalling which leads to degranulation of cells with the release of mediators of inflammation

A

cross linking

23
Q

what mediators released by mast cells cause vasodilation and vascular leakage

A

histamines

24
Q

what mediators released by mast cells cause bronchi constriction and intestinal hyper-motility

A

lipid mediators such as PAF and PGD2

25
Q

what mediators released by mast cells or basophils causes inflammation and tissue damage

A

cytokines -TNF
lipid mediators
enzymes - tryptase

26
Q

Th2 cell secrete what interleukin to cause increased endothelia cell adhesion and inflammatory cell transmigration

A

Il-4

27
Q

Th2 cell secrete what interleukin to act on allergic rhinitis and asthma - Th2 cytokine. mediated induction of increased mucus production and cola production of IgE and Th1 cell mediated induction of bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis

A

IL-9 and 13

28
Q

eosinophils respond to allergy and parasitic infections and are activated by cytokines and release toxins and leukotrienes and there activation causes bronchial hyperactivity
in asthma where are they found in elevated numbers

A

lungs and blood

29
Q

in asthma what cells cause thickening of the basement membrane and are normally involved in the healing process and scar formation

A

fibroblasts

30
Q

in severe chronic asthma what specifically can happen to the airways

A 
leukocyte infiltration such as eosinophils 
desquamation 
hypertrophy 
collagen deposition 
partial occlusion of bronchial lumen by mucus plug 
thickening 
odema 
hyperplasia and mucus hyper secretion 
vasodilation
31
Q

some viruses that can trigger asthma are acute viral syndrome , hepatitis and abstain Barr virus and herpes what bacteria

A

streptococcal
coxsackie
H pylori

32
Q

What are some IgE mediated symptoms

A 
sneezing and runny nose or congestion 
swelling of lips 
itching, hives and reddening 
lethargy 
blue lips 
swelling of eyelids 
raspy voice
wheezing 
coughing 
dyspnoea 
abdnoaml pain 
nausea and diarrhoea
33
Q

nocturnal cough , episodic and expiratory wheeze what problem

A

asthma

34
Q

what is atopy

A

genetic tendency to develop allergic disease such as allergic rhinitis , asthma and atopic dermatitis ( eczema )

35
Q

what are some common hypothetical causes of atopy

A 
breast milk
mode of delivery 
family size and stability 
close contact with pets 
infection history
36
Q

what is the hygiene hypothesis

A

healthy immune system is in balance when neither th1 or th2 cells have dominance

37
Q

in autoimmunity which T cell is the highest conc

A

Th1

38
Q

in allergy which T cell is the highest

A

Th2 - basophils and esosinophils and mast cells

39
Q

presumed relationships between the micro biome and allergic asthma

A

household characteristics and pets and pests contribute to microbial community and composition. in home then with baby genotype diet and pollutants and stressors as well as guts microbial community comp and early immune response development - lead to asthma

40
Q

what are payers patches

A

are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine - prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines

41
Q

Dupilumab

A

monoclonal antibody used for allergic diseases such as eczema, asthma and nasal polyps which results in chronic sinusitis

side effects
allergic reactions
cold sores
inflammation of the cornea

IL4,13

42
Q

mepolizumab

A

humanised anti-interlukin-5 monoclonal antibody and reduces the production and survival of eosinophils

Respiratory (22 decks)

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