allergy and asthma Flashcards
are physical barriers, phagocytes ( neutrophils, baso,neutro,eosino, natural killer) and complement cascade )
part of innate or acquired
innate
are T cell and B cell immunity ( with antibodies and classical pathway)
acquired/adaptive
where do B cell mature
bone marrow
sometimes lymph nodes
where do T cells mature
precursor T celll migrate from the bone marrow to thymus and mature here
what do vaccinations try and prevent
the first immune response
how are helper T cells activated and action
they receive info from MHC-11 via an APC and the helper T cell ( CB4) undergoes clonal selection to create memory T cells or release interleukins to activate , B cells - humoral immunity
killer T cells to give cellular immunity and neurotrpihls and macrophages to nonspecific defence
humeral immunity
involves substances found in extracellular fluids such as antibodies
cellular immunity
cell mediated immunity - does not involve antibodies - release of cytokines
Naive T cells activate Treg cells by
IL-2
functions of Treg cells
suppresses tumeur immunity
promotes immune tolerance
maintains lymphocyte homeostasis
naive T helper cells activate Th1
IL-12
function of th1
promotes tumour immunity
intracellular pathogens
drives autoimmunity
function of Th2
extracellular pathogens
allergy
asthma
naive T helper cells activate Th2 cells by what cytokine
Il-4
function of Th17
controversial tumour immunity
breaks immune tolerance
extracellular bacteria
autoimmunity
what cells maintain the balance between Th1 and Th2 populations
Treg cells
what is a helminth
parasitic worm
Th2 cells activate eosinophils by Il-5 to cause degranulation to destroy helminths - what antibody is used
IgE
What is it called when an antibody switches to another antibody
class switching
what is the function of Fc receptors
found on surface of certain ells including B lymphocytes , follicular cells , dendritic cells, basophils and mast cells etc and they bind to antibodies that are attached to infected or invading cell pathogens
mast cells are found most commonly where
in tissue surrounded by blood vessels - so can’t really be measured in the blood
what process between IgE antibodies by allergen initiates a process of intra cellular signalling which leads to degranulation of cells with the release of mediators of inflammation
cross linking
what mediators released by mast cells cause vasodilation and vascular leakage
histamines
what mediators released by mast cells cause bronchi constriction and intestinal hyper-motility
lipid mediators such as PAF and PGD2
what mediators released by mast cells or basophils causes inflammation and tissue damage
cytokines -TNF
lipid mediators
enzymes - tryptase
Th2 cell secrete what interleukin to cause increased endothelia cell adhesion and inflammatory cell transmigration
Il-4
Th2 cell secrete what interleukin to act on allergic rhinitis and asthma - Th2 cytokine. mediated induction of increased mucus production and cola production of IgE and Th1 cell mediated induction of bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis
IL-9 and 13
eosinophils respond to allergy and parasitic infections and are activated by cytokines and release toxins and leukotrienes and there activation causes bronchial hyperactivity
in asthma where are they found in elevated numbers
lungs and blood
in asthma what cells cause thickening of the basement membrane and are normally involved in the healing process and scar formation
fibroblasts
in severe chronic asthma what specifically can happen to the airways
leukocyte infiltration such as eosinophils desquamation hypertrophy collagen deposition partial occlusion of bronchial lumen by mucus plug thickening odema hyperplasia and mucus hyper secretion vasodilation
some viruses that can trigger asthma are acute viral syndrome , hepatitis and abstain Barr virus and herpes what bacteria
streptococcal
coxsackie
H pylori
What are some IgE mediated symptoms
sneezing and runny nose or congestion swelling of lips itching, hives and reddening lethargy blue lips swelling of eyelids raspy voice wheezing coughing dyspnoea abdnoaml pain nausea and diarrhoea
nocturnal cough , episodic and expiratory wheeze what problem
asthma
what is atopy
genetic tendency to develop allergic disease such as allergic rhinitis , asthma and atopic dermatitis ( eczema )
what are some common hypothetical causes of atopy
breast milk mode of delivery family size and stability close contact with pets infection history
what is the hygiene hypothesis
healthy immune system is in balance when neither th1 or th2 cells have dominance
in autoimmunity which T cell is the highest conc
Th1
in allergy which T cell is the highest
Th2 - basophils and esosinophils and mast cells
presumed relationships between the micro biome and allergic asthma
household characteristics and pets and pests contribute to microbial community and composition. in home then with baby genotype diet and pollutants and stressors as well as guts microbial community comp and early immune response development - lead to asthma
what are payers patches
are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine - prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines
Dupilumab
monoclonal antibody used for allergic diseases such as eczema, asthma and nasal polyps which results in chronic sinusitis
side effects
allergic reactions
cold sores
inflammation of the cornea
IL4,13
mepolizumab
humanised anti-interlukin-5 monoclonal antibody and reduces the production and survival of eosinophils
