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Respiratory > Hypersensitivity reactions > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions

A

Altered state of immune responsiveness causes excessive or inappropriate immune responses which lead to tissue damage

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2
Q

how are hypersensitivity reactions classified

A

Classified due to the mechanisms which underlie the tissue damage

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3
Q

which 3 hypersensitivity reactions are antibody mediated

A

TYPE 1,2,3

type 4 is cell mediated

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4
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity is referred to as allergic or immediate hypersensitivity
how long does it take

A

onset within minutes

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5
Q

what antibody is made is type 1 in response to house dust , drugs or pollen

A

IgE

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6
Q

an example of systemic and localised type 1

A

anaphylaxis

allergic rhinitis and asthma

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7
Q

allergic rhinitis

A

type 1
when allergen like pollen or dust irritates the nose causing cold like symptoms such as stuffy or runny nose, sneezing and mucus and cough

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8
Q

pulmonary oedema

A

excess fluid in the lungs

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9
Q

eosinophilia

A

condition of having an increase number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood causing a rash, itching and asthma and diarrhoea

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10
Q

IgE is formed as a result of prior sensitisation ( previous contact with antigen) so coats mast cells and basophils
so when subsequent accounted with antigen what happens

A

IgE antibodies binding( cross linking with more of the same antibodies) cause degranulation of mast cells and basophils which release chemokine and cytokines causing various effects

Release of histamine and other mediators (e.g., prostaglandin, platelet-activating factor, leukotrienes, heparin, tryptase)

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11
Q

Type 2 is referred to as cytotoxic hypersensitivity how long does it take

A

minutes to hours

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12
Q

what antibodies are involved in type 2

A

IgG or IgM

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13
Q

summary of 5 mechanism involved

A

Complement-mediated lysis (MAC)

Complement activation and Fc-mediated immune cell activation

Opsonization → phagocytosis

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NK cells)

Inhibition or activation of downstream signalling pathways

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14
Q

graves disease what is the target antigen

A

type 2
TSH receptors
hyperthyroidism

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15
Q

myasthenia graves what is the target antigen and what type

A

type 2

ACHreceptor

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16
Q

acute rheumatic fever what type and symptoms

A

type 2
myocardial antigen causing inflammation
myocarditis and arthritis

17
Q

exogenous antigens

A

antigens that have entered from the outside of the Body by inhalation or indigestion - by endocytosis or phagocytosis

18
Q

endogenous antigens

A

signals produced within your body own cells ( virus)

19
Q

in type 3 what type of antigen does the antibody attack?

A

soluble one ( immune complex)

20
Q

where in blood vessels do immune complexes get deposited in type 3

A

basement membrane then activate complement

21
Q

in type 3 complement ystemis activated causing release of what

A

Causes release of anaphylatoxins which increase vascular permeability
(oedema)

Chemokinesis attracts neutrophils - degranulation - inflammation
(vasculitis)

22
Q

type 3 is also known as immune complex hypersensitivity when iso set usually occur

A

2-6 hours

23
Q

in type 3 can the antigens be exogenous or endogenous

A

both

24
Q

systemic lupus erythrmatosus

A

type 3

25
Q

what is lupus

A

conditions that affects immune system - causing joint pain, extreme tiredness and rash on your face

26
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa

A

Hepatitis B virus surface antigen

casues vascultiies and affects kidneys
sudden weight loss, loss od appetite , abdominal pain , excessive fatigue and muscle and joint aches

27
Q

Postsreptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

Streptococcal cell wall antigens
kidney disease causing nephritis develops about 2 weeks after a skin or throat infection - main symptoms are blood in your Childs wee and swollen ankles and puff eyes

28
Q

serum sickness

A

antigens in medications cause immune system to react - proteins from nonhuman sources
anything from Arthritis, vasculitis, nephritis

29
Q

Type 4 inflammation also called the delayed type starts around 2-6 hours but when does it peak

A

24-42 hours

30
Q

by what method does type 4 use to cause inflammation

A

T cell ignited inflammation

31
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

type 4
autoimmune - collagen?
Inflammation mediated by Th1 and TH17 cytokines. Role of antibodies and immune complexes?
causes pain and aching and tenderness and swelling in joints - weight loss and tiredness

32
Q

MS

A

type 4
protein antigens in myelin

Inflammation mediated by Th1 and TH17 cytokines.; myelin destruction by macrophages

causes waddling gait and walking on toes - muscle pain and stiffness and learning difficulties

33
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

type 4
Antigens of pancreatic islet β cells (insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase)

T cell-medicated inflammation: destruction of islet cells by CTLs

34
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

type 4
ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease

Inflammation mediated by Th1 and TH17 cytokines.

abdominal cramps , diarrhea , fever and weight loss

35
Q

psoriasis

A

type 4

red and crusty patches of skin covered with slivery scales - body makes to many skin cells

36
Q

memory aid

A

ACID:
A – Allergic/Anaphylactic/Atopic (Type I);
C – Cytotoxic (Type II);
I – Immune complex deposition (Type III);
D – Delayed (Type IV)

type 1 is first and fast
type 2 is cytotoxic
type 3 means three thing stuck together - antibody - antigen and complement
type 4 is associated with the type 4 - T cells, transplant rejection , TB , skin tests and touching ( contact dermatitis)

37
Q

On placement, the GP is seeing an elderly lady with Rheumatoid arthritis. The GP explains that Rheumatoid factor is an IgM antibody that binds to IgG antibodies as an antigen. This immune complex travels in the blood and deposits in joints, which activates the complement system and leads to chronic inflammation.
The GP tests you by asking what type of hypersensitivity reactions is this?

A

Type 3

38
Q

peumonia can be causes by streptococcus and is normally found CAP. Staphloccuys can also be an agent where is this found

A

HAP

Respiratory (22 decks)

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