Oxygen

Question 1

what is type 1 respiratory failure

Answer 1

PaO2 is low, CO2 is normal

Question 2

True/False:

type 2 respiratory failure means PaO2 is normal but CO2 is elevated?

Answer 2

False:

PaO2 is low, CO2 is elevated

Question 3

what is the value for clinical hypoxia?

Answer 3

PaO2= <8Pka

Question 4

what is the value for clinical hypercapnia?

Answer 4

PaCO2= >6Pka

Question 5

What is the cause of type 1 respiratory failure?

Answer 5

V/Q mismatch

Question 6

what may cause V/Q mismatch?

Answer 6

PE, PHT, acute asthma, pneumothorax, pulmonary fibrosis, ARDS, PO

Question 7

how to treat t1 respiratory failure?

Answer 7

treat underlying cause, O2= 94-98%, assisted ventilation

Question 8

what is the cause of t2 respiratory failure?

Answer 8

alveolar hypoventilation (cannot remove all of CO2)

Question 9

what causes alveolar hypoventilation?

Answer 9

COPD, anywhere in brainstem/resp pathway that fails e.g. stroke, trauma etc

Question 10

how to treat t2 respiratory failure?

Answer 10

CONTROLLED O2 therapy at 24%, check ABGs (if PaCO2 steady then raise CO2 to 28%)

Question 11

what are the clinical features of hypoxia/hypercapnia?

Answer 11

Agitation
Breathless
Confusion 
Drowsiness
\+ tachycardia, tachypnoea, sweating, inability to speak, inc RR

Question 12

Give overview of hypercapnia…

Answer 12

marker: high PCO2 & HCO3
symptoms: A flapping tremor, Bounding pulse, Cyanosis
tx: O2 management (aim fo SaO2 88-92%)

Question 13

what are the 5 types of hypoxia?

Answer 13

1. Tissue Hypoxia
2. Circulatory Hypoxia (heart failure, oedema)
3. Anaemic Hypoxia
4. Toxic Hypoxia (CO poisoning, cyanide, met-Hb)
5. Hypoxaemic Hypoxia (low inspire O2)

Question 14

what is the main sign of hypoxia?

Answer 14

cyanosis (central)

Question 15

True/False:

shunting is ventilation without perfusion?

Answer 15

False:
shunting= perfusion with no ventilation
dead space= ventilation with no perfusion

Question 16

What tools are used for respiratory management?

Answer 16

nasal canula
masks
simple face mask
non-rebreather mask (used for high conc of O2)
venturi mask (often used for t2 respiratory failure)

Question 17

Name the 4 main types of respiratory support techniques?

Answer 17

1. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV)
2. non-invasive ventilation
3. Continuous positive airway pressure
4. extracorporeal techniques

Question 18

What respiratory technique is used for acute respiratory failure or acute ventilatory failure?

Answer 18

Controlled mechanical ventilation (a type of IPPV)

Question 19

what procedure is used for prolonged ventilation?

Answer 19

Tracheotomy