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Respiratory > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what are examples of pathophysiology that can occur in the innate immune response?

A

neutrophil complications e.g.

  • defects in neutrophil formation e.g. neutropenia
  • defects of neutrophil transendothelial migration e.g. leukocyte adhesion deficiency
  • defects of neutrophil killing e.g. chronic granulomatous disease
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2
Q

what are examples of pathophysiology that can occur in the acquired immune response?

A

defects of T & B lymphocytes

  • no lymphocyte production (e.g. SCID)
  • no B cells/ plasma cells (Burton’s X-linked Hypergammaglobulinaemia)
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3
Q

Give 1 example of clinical features of 1y immunodeficiency disorders from:

  • URT
  • LRT
A

URT: sinusitis, otits media, laryngeal angiooedema
LRT: malignancies, ILDs, pneumonia, bronchitis

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4
Q

what’re the general tx for immunodeficiency disorders?

A

aggressive infection tx, antibody replacement therapy, stem cell transplant, gene therapy

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5
Q

provide 3 examples of 2y immunodeficiency disorders…

A

extremes of age, HIV, steroids, nutritional disorders

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6
Q

what is the useful tool to remember hypersensitivity (hs) reaction?

A

type 1= Allergy
type 2= antiBody
type 3= immuneComplex mediated
type 4= Delayed hypersensitivity

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7
Q

True/False:

IgA antibodies mediate type 1 hs reactions?

A

False:

IgE

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8
Q

what are example conditions of type 1 hs?

A

asthma, eczema, food, pets, hay fever

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9
Q

what helper T cell pathology causes type 1 hs?

A

usually TH2 >TH1 in infancy

but type 1 hs= TH2> TH2

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10
Q

Why does t1 hs occur?

A

hygiene hypothesis, birth defect

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11
Q

describe the allergic phase of immune reaction in t1 hs…

A

Allergic Stage:
residual IgEs bind to mast cells (no problem)
then at reencounter of antigen, they bind to IgE coated mast cells causing immediate release of vasoactive mediators > inc in expression of pro-inflammatory mediators

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12
Q

what are signs of an allergic reaction

A

muscle spasm, anaphylaxis, mucosal inflammation, vomiting

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13
Q

where does a t1 hs reaction usually occur

A

at site of contact and occurs rapidly

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14
Q

management of allergy..

A

avoidance, mast cell blocker, anti inflammatory, immunotherapy

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15
Q

which antibodies are responsible for t2 hs?

A

IgG & IgM

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16
Q

what happens in t2 hs?

A

antibodies are produced which target self-antigens and mechanisms such as opsonisation & phagocytosis

17
Q

what is an example of t2 hs disorder?

A

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

18
Q

what happens in t3 hs?

A
  1. immune complexes are deposited in wall of blood vessel
  2. activation of complement system
  3. activation of inflammatory cells which in turn release enzymes causing damage to basement membranes
19
Q

what are example conditions of t4 hs?

A

Autoimmune: RA

Non-autoimmune: sarcoidosis

20
Q

where is autoimmunity born?

A

1y lymphoid tissue (bone marrow & thymus) produce auto reactive lymphocytes

21
Q

what are the 2 tolerance mechanisms put in place?

A

central tolerance: deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes in 1y tissue
peripheral tolerance: inactivation of self-reactive lymphocytes that escape 1y tissue

22
Q

what controls immune tolerance and how?

A

treg cells, by activating anti-inflammatory cytokines

23
Q

how does autoimmunity occur?

A

genetic susceptibility + initiating event = loss of immune regulation

24
Q

True/False:

HLA genes code for MHC?

A

True

25
Q

what is the role of MHC?

A

attract T cells

26
Q

Are MHCs highly specific?

A

yes- different MHCs bind to different peptides by exhibiting significant allelic diversity

27
Q

how do you class AI diseases?

A
  1. presentation (organ specific/non-organ specific)

2. pathological classification (t1, t2, t3, t4)

28
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

involves deliberate exposure to antigen to induce immunologically mediated resistance to disease

29
Q

why are vaccines effective?

A

during 2y exposure to antigen there is no intubation period so IgG and IgM spike + naive t & B cells are stimulated without co-stimulation = rapid, effective, aggressive response

30
Q

what are the 2 vaccine types…

A

Inactivated: production of memory B & helper T cells

live attenuated vaccine: production of memory B & all T cells

31
Q

Is a booster needed for inactivated vaccine?

A

yes- as killer T cells not produced

32
Q

True/False:

flu vaccines are efficient

A

False:

have to be administered every year due to rapid antigenic drift

33
Q

what is active and inactive immunity?

A

active: protection from own immune response
inactive: protection received from others

Respiratory (19 decks)

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