Immunology Flashcards
what are examples of pathophysiology that can occur in the innate immune response?
neutrophil complications e.g.
- defects in neutrophil formation e.g. neutropenia
- defects of neutrophil transendothelial migration e.g. leukocyte adhesion deficiency
- defects of neutrophil killing e.g. chronic granulomatous disease
what are examples of pathophysiology that can occur in the acquired immune response?
defects of T & B lymphocytes
- no lymphocyte production (e.g. SCID)
- no B cells/ plasma cells (Burton’s X-linked Hypergammaglobulinaemia)
Give 1 example of clinical features of 1y immunodeficiency disorders from:
- URT
- LRT
URT: sinusitis, otits media, laryngeal angiooedema
LRT: malignancies, ILDs, pneumonia, bronchitis
what’re the general tx for immunodeficiency disorders?
aggressive infection tx, antibody replacement therapy, stem cell transplant, gene therapy
provide 3 examples of 2y immunodeficiency disorders…
extremes of age, HIV, steroids, nutritional disorders
what is the useful tool to remember hypersensitivity (hs) reaction?
type 1= Allergy
type 2= antiBody
type 3= immuneComplex mediated
type 4= Delayed hypersensitivity
True/False:
IgA antibodies mediate type 1 hs reactions?
False:
IgE
what are example conditions of type 1 hs?
asthma, eczema, food, pets, hay fever
what helper T cell pathology causes type 1 hs?
usually TH2 >TH1 in infancy
but type 1 hs= TH2> TH2
Why does t1 hs occur?
hygiene hypothesis, birth defect
describe the allergic phase of immune reaction in t1 hs…
Allergic Stage:
residual IgEs bind to mast cells (no problem)
then at reencounter of antigen, they bind to IgE coated mast cells causing immediate release of vasoactive mediators > inc in expression of pro-inflammatory mediators
what are signs of an allergic reaction
muscle spasm, anaphylaxis, mucosal inflammation, vomiting
where does a t1 hs reaction usually occur
at site of contact and occurs rapidly
management of allergy..
avoidance, mast cell blocker, anti inflammatory, immunotherapy
which antibodies are responsible for t2 hs?
IgG & IgM
what happens in t2 hs?
antibodies are produced which target self-antigens and mechanisms such as opsonisation & phagocytosis
what is an example of t2 hs disorder?
Goodpasture’s Syndrome
what happens in t3 hs?
- immune complexes are deposited in wall of blood vessel
- activation of complement system
- activation of inflammatory cells which in turn release enzymes causing damage to basement membranes
what are example conditions of t4 hs?
Autoimmune: RA
Non-autoimmune: sarcoidosis
where is autoimmunity born?
1y lymphoid tissue (bone marrow & thymus) produce auto reactive lymphocytes
what are the 2 tolerance mechanisms put in place?
central tolerance: deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes in 1y tissue
peripheral tolerance: inactivation of self-reactive lymphocytes that escape 1y tissue
what controls immune tolerance and how?
treg cells, by activating anti-inflammatory cytokines
how does autoimmunity occur?
genetic susceptibility + initiating event = loss of immune regulation
True/False:
HLA genes code for MHC?
True
