Oxidative Stress Flashcards
Describe the significance of oxidative stress in biological systems. (effects and what is leads to)
Oxidative stress is significant in biological systems as it can lead to cellular damage, affecting the function and survival of organisms.
How is oxidative stress measured in biological systems?
Oxidative stress is measured using various biochemical assays that assess the levels of reactive oxygen species and the extent of oxidative damage to biomolecules.
Define oxidative stress in the context of ecotoxicology.
an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the biological system’s ability to detoxify these reactive intermediates
often due to environmental pollutants.
Describe the paradox of oxygen.
Oxygen is essential for life but can also be toxic, leading to respiratory distress and death if pure oxygen is breathed for more than 48 hours.
Define Oxidative Stress
state of cellular stress caused by an imbalance between oxidants, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidants.
How do aerobic cells interact with reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
Aerobic cells are constantly attacked by reactive oxygen species (ROS) even under normal conditions, such as during aerobic respiration and phagocytosis.
Explain the role of antioxidants in cellular health
help to balance the effects of oxidants like reactive oxygen species (ROS), preventing oxidative stress and maintaining cellular health.
Describe reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules that result from the reduction of oxygen (O2) and can cause cellular damage.
Explain the significance of redoz-metals
essential for regulating cellular pathways in organs and are affected by their redox state, which is the number of electrons they possess.
How is hydrogen peroxide decomposed?
decomposes through enzymatic action
How is hydrogen peroxide produced in the context of oxidative stress?
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced when the superoxide radical anion (O2-) gains an electron, represented by the reaction O2- + e- → H2O2.
Antioxidant modes of action (5)
Removing oxygen, or decreasing local oxygen concentrations
Removing catalytic metal ions
Removing ROS; Scavenging initiating radicals
Breaking the chain of initiated sequence
Quenching or scavenging singlet oxygen
What can be measured after a reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH)
protein carbonyls
What methods can be used to detect protein carbonyls?
ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosory-bent assay)
Immunohistochemistry
Spectrophotometry
Western Blotting
Products of oxidative stress
Lipid peroxification
Protein oxidation
DNA Oxidation
