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Fundamentals (Nurs 113) > Oxgenation > Flashcards

Oxgenation Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of the lungs
Inspiration and expiration

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2
Q

Respiration

A

Gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in capillaries

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3
Q

Perfusion

A

Oxygenated capillary blood passes through the body tissue

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4
Q

Mechanism of altercation in oxygenation

A

Musculature condition
Lung elasticity and compliance
Airways resistance

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5
Q

Musculature condition

A

When there is wreaking of the muscles that are involved in respiration it can cause less effective exhalation and inhalation

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6
Q

Lung compliance

A

The ease at which the lungs can be inflated
The ability of the ,bugs to full with air during inhalation is achieved with normal elasticity and is aided by surfactant
A stiff lung requires greater effort to inflate it

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7
Q

Airways and resistance

A

Any process that changes the bronchial diameter or width can cause airway resistance.
Obstruction
: foreign object, secretion, tissues
Inflammation of airway

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8
Q

Surface area available

A

If someone has a piece of their lung removed there will be decreased surface area

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9
Q

Thickening of the alveolar capillary membrane

A

Someone with history of smokingm or respiratory disease
The body is not able to distinguish which concentration is high or low

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10
Q

Hypoxemia

A

This is when there is lower than normal oxygen in the blood

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11
Q

What are the common causes of hypoxemia

A

Anemia
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
COPD
Pneumonia
Pulmonary edema
Emphysema

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12
Q

Pneumonia and hypoxemia

A

Pneumonia causes inflammation to the lungs air sacs leading to swelling and accumulation of fluids and the formation of pus. This impaired oxygen uptake

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13
Q

Pulmonary edema and hypoxemia

A

With pulmonary edema there is a fluid buildup in the alveoli that hinders the exchange of oxygen from the air sacs to the blood stream.decrease oxygen intake

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14
Q

Emphysema and hypoxemia

A

This is when the lung tissue gradually gets damaged. Loses function and the loses ability to perform gas exchange

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15
Q

Hypoxia

A

Inadequate amount of oxygen in the cells

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16
Q

Hypoxia occurs when there is a problem with?

A

Problem with ventilation, respiration or perfusion

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17
Q

Clinical manifestations of hypoxia

A

Dyspnea: difficulty breathing
Increase blood pressure and the heart is working harder
Increased respiratory rate
Increased pulse rate form the heart working harder
Pallor
Cyanosis
Anxiety
Restlessness
Confusion
Drowsiness

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18
Q

Risk factors affecting oxygenation

A

Level of health
Developmental considerations
Medication
Lifestyle
Environment

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19
Q

Normal respiratory rate for infant (birth to 1)

A

30-60

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20
Q

Res rate for early childhood

A

20-40

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21
Q

Res rate for late childhood

A

15 to 25

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22
Q

Infants

A

The chest wall is very small
30-60 bpm
They use accessory muscles to breathe

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23
Q

Toddlers, preschoolers, school aged children, and adolescents

A

They have increased risk for respiratory illness
Respiratory rate start to stabilize

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24
Q

Older adults

A

They have decried lung elasticity which is normal
Shallow breathing

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25
Assessment techniques
Patient history Interview Assessment guide Physical assessment Labs and diagnostic
26
How do you conduct a physical assessments
Inspect, palpation, percussion and auscultate
27
Lab and diagnostic
Pulmonary function test Common diagnosis
28
Patient history
Interview and to identify Current health issues Potential health problems Actions to meet respiratory needs Aids used to improve ventilation Effect on lifestyle and relationship
29
What actions that are performed by the patient to meet respiratory needs should be concerning
If the patient needs to raise the head of the bed The head needs to be elevated Sitting up to sleep
30
What are some aids to ventilation questions
Oxygen How many liters Do they use it all the time
31
What are the normal breath sounds
Vesicular Bronchial Brinchovesicular
32
Vesicular . Where is it heard mostly
This is low pitched and soft on inspiration being longer than expiration Heard mostly over lungs
33
Bronchial. Where is it mostly heard
High pitched and sounds on expiration being longer than inspiration Over trachea
34
Bronchovesicular. Where is it heard
Medium itched and sound with inspiration equal to expiration Over the mainstream bronchus
35
Abnormal breath sounds
Crackles Rhonchi Wheezes
36
Crackles
Intermittent popping sounds occurring when air moves through airways that have fluid Sound like someone is opening a bag of chips Pulmonary edema CHF
37
Rhonchi
Course snoring quality, continuous sounds when air is passing through or around secrets Pneumonia
38
Wheezes
Musical whistling sounds as air passes through airway constricted by narrowing swelling secretions or tumors Asthma COPD Emphysema Tumor
39
Spirometry
Measures volume of air inhaled or exhales by patient over time
40
Peak expiratory flow rate
Determine if there is a airway constriction
41
Pulse oximerty
95-100% Measures arterial oxygenation saturation
42
Arterial blood gas and pH analysis
Measures the adequacy of oxygenation
43
Electrocardiography
Measures the heart electrical activity
44
Pulmonary function studying
Assess the respiratory function
45
Pulse oximetry
Measures the arterial oxygenation saturation
46
Cryptologic study
Detects malignant cells and infectious organism
47
Endoscopic studies
Visualizes airway
48
Skin test
Identifies the exposure to disease
49
Radiography
Help diagnose and termite progress or pulmonary disease
50
Lung scan
Measures the integrity of airway and detect ventilation abnormalities
51
Capnogrhy
Method to monitor ventilation. Blood flow through the lungs
52
Thoracentesis
Picturing the chest wall and aspirate the pleural fluid
53
Altercations in respiratory functioning problem
Ineffective airways clearance r/t secretion in bronchi Impaired gas exchange r/t alters oxygen supply Ineffective breathing pattern r/t pain
54
Altercations in respiratory functioning as the etiology
Activity intolerance related to SOB Anxiety related to impaired gas exchange Acute pain related to pleural inflammation
55
What are the expected outcomes
Patient will demonstrate improved gas exchange in lungs by absence of cyanosis and pulse oximetry reading of 95% or greater. Demonstrate self care behavior that provide relief for, symptoms and prevent further cardiopulmonary problems Relate causative factors if known and demonstrate a method of coping with these factors
56
Nursing and collaborative interventions
Suction airway Medicine Supplemental oxygen Using artificial arirways Managing chest tubes
57
What is the main goal
To promote optimal functioning of cardiopulmonary systems, promote comfort, promote and control cough
58
Nursing interventions to promote comfort
Positioning Maintain adequate fluid intake Providing humidified air
59
Positioning
Use a position that allows free movement of the diaphragm and expansion of the chest wall.
60
Which position is best for better breathing for patients who have Dyspnea and orthopnea
High Fowlers position
61
Sitting in a slumped position
Permit the abdominal content to push upward in the diaphragm and decrease lung expansion during inspiration
62
Maintain adequate fluid intake
Help loosen up secretions Drink at least 1.5 to 2 liters
63
Providing humidified air
Inhalation if dry air removes the normal moisture in the respiratory tract Water vapor creates moisture into the air
64
Promote proper breathing
Deep breathing Incentive spirometry Pursed lips Diaphragm breathing
65
Deep breathing
Increases the amount of air enters the lungs more oxygen Helps with Hypoventilation
66
Incentive spirometry
Provides visual reinforcement when deep breathing Sustain maximal inhalation
67
Pursed lips breathing
Patient who experience shortness of breath Prolong the expiration and prevent collapse of the airway
68
Diaphragmatic breathing
COPD and Dyspnea Slow down a persons breathing and help them catch their breath Belly breathing Sit upright or lie on their back on a flat surface with knees bent and pillow under knees. Hand on stomach and the other in middle of chest
69
Promoting and controlling cough
Voluntary cough Involuntary cough Cough medication Teach about medicine
70
Voluntary coughing
Teach the patient this for pre and post operative care Rise and remove secretion that is built up overnight
71
Involuntary coughing
Often accompanies respiratory tract infection and irritations and lead to the production or respiratory secretion which trigger a cough It can be fatiguing and irritating
72
Productive vs non productive cough
Productive cough is when you cough and something comes up Non productive cough is when nothing comes up
73
Types of cough medication
Expectorant Suppressant Lozenges
74
Expectorants
Help with the removal of respiratory tract secretion Give to patient with thick secretion Makes nonproductive cough become productive
75
Suppressants
If a patient have an irritable nonproductive cough without congestion they can be given a suppressant help sleep
76
Cough suppressant with a productive cough
If productive cough is suppressed then the secretion can be retained causing pulmonary infection
77
Lozenges
Soothes the throat Relieve mild nonproductive cough Think sore throat
78
Teaching about medication
Can be detrimental to those with hypertension, thyroid or cardiac disease Prolong use of cough medication can cause more serious problem More than 6 days to see doctor Teach about suppressant vs expectorant
79
Suctioning airway
To maintain patient airway and remove saliva, pulmonary secretion, blood etc from pharynx. Pre oxgentate the patient before suction Orally or from the nares or tracheostomy The patient is able to raise from the airways but unable to clear from mouth
80
Medication intervention To improve respiratory function
Bronchodilator Mucolytic agent Corticosteroid
81
Bronchodilator
Open the airway that is narrowed Narrow passage cause wheezing Emphysema
82
Mucolytic agents
They liquify or loosen thick liquids
83
Corticosteroids
Reduce inflammation in airway Emphysema
84
Administered via nebulizers
Bronchodilator Metered dose inhaler Dry power inhaler
85
Nasal cannula: low flow
A maximum of 6 liters Check frequently to make sure that the prongs are placed properly in the nares
86
Simple mask: low flow
5-8 liters Check to make sure mask is placed correctly
87
No breather mask: low flow
10-15 liters Check the valves and rubber flaps Maintain the rate so that the reservoir bag collapses only slightly during inspiration
88
Venturi mask: high flow
4-6 liters
89
What is important to remember when giving oxygen
You must have an order
90
Precautions with oxygen
Keep at least 6 feet away from any source of fire No smoking No electrical equipment near the tank Secure the tank in a holder away from heat or sunlight Avoid oils in the area Have working smoke detectors Working fire extinguisher
91
Administering oxygen
Follow the prescription for the oxygen Ensure that there is enough when leaving the house Know the signs and symptoms Have healthcare providers number
92
Healthy lifestyle
Activity and mobility increases your cardiac output and respiratory So when you are such the body is already used to the high demand making you recover well
93
Vaccinations
Older adults is at high risk Covid, pneumonia, flu
94
Pollution free environment
Occupations such as nail tech and construction workers
95
Minimize anxiety
Medulla controls breathing High stress causes Hypoventilation not adequately perfusion
96
Marinating good nutrition
Healthy lifestyle Foods low in fat
97
Who might pursed lip breathing be good for
Patient with dyspnea It imporove gas exchange And avoid narrowing of the airway

Fundamentals (Nurs 113) (11 decks)

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