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FM1020 Anatomy > Overview of the Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Overview of the Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of lymphatics and immune systems?

A

Draining excess interstitial fluid to bloodstream
Transport dietary lipids
Immune responses

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2
Q

What would happen in the absence of a lymphatic capillary?

A

with time, fluid would build up in the tissue which would leave rise to oedema

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3
Q

Where does interstitial fluid re-enter circulation?

A

Capillaries at venous ends
Lymphatic capillaries

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4
Q

What is tissue fluid called when it enters lymphatics?

A

Lymph

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5
Q

What feature is highly present in lymph vessels?

A

Valves

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6
Q

What percentage of tissue fluid is returned into circulation?

A

10-20%

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7
Q

Are lymph capillaries permeable?

A

Highly so allowing entry of tissue fluid, bacteria, viruses and cancer cells

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8
Q

What is the role of lymphatics?

A

Collect lymph from lymph capillaries

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9
Q

Where are lymphatics found?

A

They accompany blood vessels

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10
Q

How do lymph vessels differ from blood vessels?

A

Contains more valves than veins
More frequent interconnections
Arranged in networks

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11
Q

What happens in lymph nodes?

A

Screening of lymph

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12
Q

Where are lymph capillaries absent in the body?

A

CNS
Bone marrow
Avascular tissue

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13
Q

Name examples of avascular tissues

A

Articular and other cartilages
Nails
Epidermis
Cornea
Hair

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14
Q

What name is given to specialised lymphatic capillaries?

A

Lacteals

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15
Q

Where are lacteals located?

A

Villi of small intestine

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16
Q

What is the role of lacteals?

A

Receive digested fats

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17
Q

What name is given to the fatty lymph?

A

Chyle

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18
Q

Where does lymph from the limbs drain to?

A

Where limbs are attached to the trunk

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19
Q

What is found on the external surface of a lymph node?

A

Fibrous capsule

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20
Q

What name is given to lymph vessels that enter the lymph node?

A

Afferent

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21
Q

What name is given to lymph vessels that leave the lymph node?

A

Efferent

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22
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Lymph percolates through and antigens are destroyed and activate B & T lymphocytes

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23
Q

Where does lymph NOT pass through series of nodes?

A

Paired viscera on posterior abdominal wall e.g. kidney, ovary, testis
Thyroid gland

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24
Q

Where do paired viscera on the posterior abdominal wall drain to?

A

Para-aortic nodes without being filtered in any outlying nodes

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25
Q

Where does the thyroid gland drain to?

A

Directly into neck veins without any nodes

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26
Q

What are the 7 major lymph trunks?

A

Right & left jugular trunks
Right and left subclavian trunks
Right and left bronchomediastinal trunks
Thoracic duct (biggest)

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27
Q

Where do the jugular trunks drain from?

A

Head and neck

28
Q

Where do the subclavian trunks drain from?

A

The upper limbs

29
Q

Where do the bronchomediastinal trunks drain from?

A

Much of the thoracic cavity

30
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain from?

A

Drains most of lymph below diaphragm and some posterior structures

31
Q

Where does all lymph eventually drain into?

A

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

32
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Right side of head
Right upper limb
Right side of thorax

33
Q

What is unusual about the right lymphatic duct?

A

Only present in 15-20% of the population

34
Q

What is the course of the thoracic duct?

A

Begins as cisterna chyli
Ascends along vertebral bodies
Empties into venous circulation (junction of left IJV and left subclavian veins)

35
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?

A

Right IJV and subclavian veins

36
Q

What factors propel lymph towards venous system?

A

Contraction of skeletal muscle
Pulses in arteries

37
Q

What cells are found in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphocytes

38
Q

What are the encapsulated lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

39
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

anterior mediastinum

40
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A

Lymphocyte maturation

41
Q

When does the thymus have the fastest rate of growth?

A

First year of life

42
Q

When does the thymus decrease in size?

A

60 years

43
Q

What are the simplest lymphoid organs?

A

Tonsils

44
Q

What are the names of the groups of tonsils?

A

Palatine tonsil
Pharyngeal tonsils
Lingual tonsils

45
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils found?

A

Side of mouth

46
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils found?

A

Above the palette

47
Q

Where are lingual tonsils found?

A

Back of tongue

48
Q

What is the role of the tonsils?

A

Forms a ring around border between oral cavity and pharynx
Gather and remove pathogens

49
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Left side in abdomen

50
Q

When are spleens often damaged?

A

Road traffic accident due to fractured rib

51
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Detects and responds to foreign substances
Destroys defective RBCs
Limited reservoir for blood

52
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

Located in distal part of small intestine

53
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

54
Q

What is the role of Peyer’s patches and the appendix?

A

Fight invading bacteria

55
Q

Where is the appendix located?

A

Tubular offshoot of caecum

56
Q

What is chylothorax?

A

Leakage of fatty lymph into thorax

57
Q

What is mononucleosis?

A

Viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus
Attacks B lymphocytes

58
Q

What is another name for mononucleosis?

A

Glandular fever

59
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

Inflammation of lymph vessel

60
Q

What does an acute bacterial infection cause in the Lymphatic system?

A

Draining lymph nodes are enlarged, tender and painful
Lymphatics have lymphangitis - tender reddened streaks

61
Q

What is Hodgkin’s disease?

A

Malignancy of lymph nodes

62
Q

What is non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

Uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes

63
Q

Where does tumour of epithelia drain to?

A

Lymph nodes

64
Q

Where would you examine to confirm a tumour in the breast of your patient?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

65
Q

What is a metastases?

A

Secondary deposit of cancer cells in lymph node

66
Q

In malignant cells, how do lymph nodes present?

A

Enlarged but not tender

FM1020 Anatomy (17 decks)

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