Heart Flashcards
Where is the point of maximal impulse of the heart?
Apex beat
Where can the apex beat be palpated?
Inferior and medial to left nipple
5th left intercostal space in midclavicular line, 9cm from median plane
What may cause an abnormal position of the apex beat?
Cardiac disease
Movement of mediastinum
What layers make up the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal serous pericardium
Visceral serous pericardium/epicardium
Where is the fibrous pericardium adherent to?
Central tendon of diaphragm
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericaridum
What is pericardial effusion?
Excess fluid in the pericardium
What is cardiac tamponade?
Compressed heart due to accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac which impairs cardaic function
Where is the oblique pericardial sinus?
Reflection around veins
Where is the transverse pericardial sinus?
Reflection around arteries and veins
Used in surgery to allow for control of blood leaving the heart
If you were to insert your finger into the transverse pericardial sinus, what would lie anterior to your finger?
The arteries
What are the surfaces of the heart?
Anterior/sternocostal
Posterior/base
Inferior/Diaphragmatic
Left pulmonary
Right pulmonary
What is the infundibulum/conus arteriosis?
Funnel-shaped upper part of right ventricle leading to the pulmonary trunk
What is the main chamber that constitutes to the base of the heart?
Left atrium
What chambers make up the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?
2/3 wall of left ventricle
1/3 wall of right ventricle
Where does the coronary sulcus lie?
Between the atria and ventricles
What do the interventricular sulci do?
Separate the ventricles from one another
What is a cardiac valve?
Endocardium with connective tissue core
What is the role of the cardiac skeleton?
Anchors valve cusps
Prevents overdilation of valve openings
Blocks direct spread of electrical impulses
What name is given to the smooth muscular ridge inside of the right atrium?
Crista terminalis
What name is given to the ridges in the wall of the right atrium?
Pectinate muscles
What is the fossa ovalis?
Depression in interatrial septum
Remnant of foramen ovale from embryology
What feature is present in the right atrium but not the left atrium?
Crista terminalis
What is the muscular interventricular septum?
Thick major part of the interventricular septum
What is the membranous interventricular septum?
Thin, upper part of the interventricular septum
What is found in the internal wall of the ventricles?
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendinae
What is found in the internal wall of the ventricles?
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae
Name the atrioventricular valves.
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid/mitral valve
What is the structure of the atrioventricular valves?
Fibrous leaflets attached to fibrous ring which surrounds orifice
What are the attachments of the chordeae tendineae?
Free margin and ventricular surface of leaflet
Papillary muscles
When are the atrioventricular valves open and closed?
Open - diastole
Closed - systole
How many cusps are in the semilunar valves?
3 pocket-shaped cusps
What is valve stenosis?
Valve doesn’t open properly - narrow opening
What is valve incompetence/regurgitation/insufficiency?
Valves does not close properly resulting in backflow
