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MIMM 214 > Overview of the immune system Pt 2 > Flashcards

Overview of the immune system Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Timing innate

A

First line of defence
Fast
Non specific

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2
Q

Receptors innate

A

Use to detect pathogens
Encoded in Germaine
Limited number —> macrophages have same receptors
Unchanging

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3
Q

Key cell types innate

A

Phagocytic cells = macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
And others

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4
Q

Actions innate

A

Induces local inflammtion

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5
Q

Responses to repeat infection innate

A

Same each time

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6
Q

Major components innate

A

Barriers = physical and chemical, like skin
Phagocytes
Some pattern recognition molecules

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7
Q

Timing adaptive

A

Slower to develop = 5-6+ days
About a a week

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8
Q

Receptors adaptive

A

Use randomly generated antigen receptors s
Huge diversity of receptor specificities
Highly specific to individual molecules

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9
Q

Key cell types adaptive

A

Lymphocytes
B AND T CELLS

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10
Q

Actions adaptive

A

Responsible for specific immune response
Most fo times clear infections
Result in memory sometimes

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11
Q

Responses to repeat infections adaptive

A

More rapid and effective With each subsequent exposure
Must be infected by same exact thing each time

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12
Q

Major components adaptive

A

T and B lymphocytes
Antigen specific receptors
Antibodies

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13
Q

Phases of immune response - describe

A

Many phases
Takes time
Innate immune response fast and lasts only days
Adaptive takes longer but lasts longer

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14
Q

What does innate immune response start with

A

Breach of epithelial layer
Body must be exposed to pathogen
Immune cells recognize non self
Macrophages and dendritic cells = sense pattern common amongst pathogens

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15
Q

What do immune cells express

A

Prrs

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16
Q

What are prrs

A

Pattern recognition receptors = provide initial discrimination between self and non self and recognize broad categories of molecules that are commonly found in pathogens = PAMPS
Recognize patterns

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17
Q

What are pamps

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns
Common foreign structures that characterize whole groups of pathogens = part of many microorganisms but not part of host body’s own cells
Cell wall of bacteria = lipopolysaccharide, rna viruses = double stranded dna, we do not have this in our own body’s

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18
Q

What do macrophages express

A

Several receptors that allow them to recognize diff pathogens = binds many diff pamps

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19
Q

What happens when activate prrs axctivated

A

Now bound = know there is a pathogen, and something must be done
Activate innate immune cells = triggers local inflammation
Activation of prrs on cells like macrophages = directly induce effector functions on these cells = phagocytosis
Cells amplify immune response by producing ifnalmmtiory mediators = cytokines and chemokines

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20
Q

What do immune cells induce

A

Triggers inflammatory response by producing mediators = cytokines and chemokines

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21
Q

Hallmarks inflammation

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Bc all molecules entering and vasodilation

22
Q

Describe whole process inflammtion

A

Macrophages phagocytosed pathogen = releases cytokines and chemokines
These cells induce inflammatory response and attract cells in circulation = chemokines can bind receptors of blood vessels and cells in circulation
Molecules binding = vasodilation and increased vascular permeability = causes inflammation, immune cells enter site of infection, also fluid enters, lining loser = get hallmarks inflammation

23
Q

What does pathogen detection lead to

A

Activation of immune cells
Dendritic cells play key role = potent apcs
Detect Pathogens = pamps by receptors = prrs
Leads to dendritic cell activation

24
Q

What links innate to adaptive

A

Dendritic cells

25
Q

Describe what dendritic cells do

A

Travel from site of infection to local secondary lymphoid tissue then here interact and activate T cells
Once activated = mature by receptor binding
Naive to mature dendritic cell = presents antigens, match antigen to cell, recognizes specific T cell = now activated
Links innate —>adaptive

26
Q

Describe t and B cell activation

A

Occurs in lymph node
One activated, subset T cells help activate B cells
Activated b and T cells - become effector cells = ready to fight

27
Q

How is T cell activated

A

3 crucial signals
APCs activate T cells
Happens through 3 signals = need to complete activation, through interaction of specific molecules = receptors and cytokines
Happens in peripheral lymphoid tissue =lymph node

28
Q

Name 3 signals that activate T cells

A

Activation
Survival
Differentiation

29
Q

Describe basics of antigen presentation

A

Epitope of antigen can be a specific peptide buried within a protein
Antigen/epitope is present using specific molecule = major histocompatibility complex = Mhc= interacts with tcr
Only if on mhc, then see if fits receptor

30
Q

Describe activation of adaptive immunity

A

Antigen specific cells activated in secondary lymphoid tissues= lymph nodes
Cells = T cell and B cell

31
Q

What is antigen specificity determined by

A

Receptors
T cell = tcr
B cell = bcr, aka antibody aka immunoglobulin

32
Q

Describe antibodies

A

Secreted immunoglobulin molecules
Made by b lymphocytes and it’s progeny plasma cells
Binds antigens
Present in serum = fluid component of blood, circulating

33
Q

Do all antibodies reognize the same epitopes

A

2 antibodies can recognize diff epitopes on same antigen
Bc so very specific

34
Q

Describe difference in b and T cells = origin/maturation

A

B cells arise and mature in bone marrow
T cells arise from bone marrow progenitors but are generated and mature in thymus

35
Q

Describe difference in b and T cells = receptors

A

Bcr can be membrane bound or secreted (antibodies)
Tcr only exits as membrane bound

36
Q

Describe difference in b and T cells = recognition

A

Tcr can only recognize small pieces of antigen bound to molecules of MHC on the surface of apcs
Bcr can recognize ag in natural form = do not need to be processed by dendritic and presented on mhc

37
Q

Describe specificity of bcr and tcr - gen

A

Individual b and T cells each have individual specificity for a single antigen
Each lymphocyte expresses many identical copies of one receptor with specificity for one antigen
Huge diversity of lymphocytes = each with own specificity
Theoretical potential to response to any antigen that may come along

38
Q

Describe specificity of bcr and tcr - how

A

Accomplished by rearranging and editing genomic dna that encodes the antigen receptors expressed by each b and T cell = creates diversity

39
Q

What happens during dev

A

If lymphocyte reacts to self antigen = eliminated
Self reactive cells removed
Do not want autoreactive lymphocytes

40
Q

Describe clonal selection

A

When b or T cell interact with its specific antigen = selected and becomes activated
Activation results in prolife = produces large number of clones,= each reactive against antigen that initially stimulated original lymphocyte= differentiation
Now becomes effector cell = mature now

41
Q

What happens when egress to site of infection

A

Effector cells now —> once t and B cells are activated in lymphoid organs = becomes effector cells that can fight infections
Happens through both humoral and cell mediated activities —> then leave lymph node to site of infection

42
Q

What does humoral immunity use

A

Combats pathogens via antibodies

43
Q

What does cell mediated immunity involve

A

Primarily T lymphocytes

44
Q

Describe cell mediated immunity

A

Mediated by T cells
Contribute to adaptive immunity in many ways
Many diff T cell subsets can get activated depending on the situation and exert a variety of effector functions

45
Q

Describe cell mediated immunity - general effector functions

A

Some help activate B cells = follicular t helper cell, role = actiavte B cell
Some help activate macrophages = boost activity
Some kill infected cells directly = cytotoxic

46
Q

Describe humoral immunity

A

Mediated by antibodies produced by B cells
Contribute to adaptive immunity by producing specific antibodies
Antibodies = diff types, act in diff ways, involved in clearing and/or neutralizing antigen
Covers pathogen so cannot bing to something else and replicate, help macrophages or phagocytic cells phagocytose

47
Q

Describe regulation and memory

A

Hopefully after infection = downregulation of lymphocytes and immunological memory

48
Q

What is immunization

A

Deliberate induction of an adaptive immune response

49
Q

Describe active immunization

A

Natural = natural infection
Induced = vaccination

50
Q

Describe passive immunization

A

With cells and/or molecules that mediate immunity
Natural = mother to fetus transfer of antibodies
Induced = monoclonal antibody therapy

MIMM 214 (8 decks)

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