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MIMM 214 > Innate immunity: Inflammatory Cytokines > Flashcards

Innate immunity: Inflammatory Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines

A

Small = ~25kD
Heterogeneous glycoproteins= made up by diff components

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2
Q

Are cytokines soluble

A

Mostly soluble
Some have membrane bound forms

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3
Q

Describe cytokine production

A

Tightly regulated = post transcriptional and translational mods - polish cytokines before secreted

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4
Q

What do cytokines provide

A

Cellular communication

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5
Q

What do cytokines effect behaviour of

A

The producing cell = autocrine
Adjacent cells= paracrine, directional release
Distant cells = endocrine mechanism

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6
Q

Describe autocrine mechanism of cytokines

A

Cytokines secreted bind receptor on cell that produced it

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7
Q

Describe paracrine mechanism of cytokines

A

On nearby cell

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8
Q

Describe endocrine mechanism of cytokines

A

Goes into circulation
Binds receptors on distant cell

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9
Q

Why are cytokines produced

A

Due to inducing stimulus = triggered

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10
Q

What can cytokines have

A

Numerous biological functions
= activation, proliferation (produce multiple copies of each cell), differentiation (naive—>mature), survival or death of target cells

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11
Q

Describe ex of cytokine functions = adhesion molecules

A

Change expression of adhesion meolcuels on chemokine receptors on target membranes
Can lead to migration

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12
Q

Describe ex of cytokine functions = enzymes

A

Increase or decrease activity of particular enzymes = change transcriptional program (modulate its effector functions) = type 1 interferon

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13
Q

Describe ex of cytokine functions = activation

A

Active and differentiation of b and T cells

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14
Q

Describe ex of cytokine functions = cascade induction

A

Action of one cytokine on one target cell induces that cell to produce one or more additional cytokines

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15
Q

How many groups of cytokines

A

5 major groups

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16
Q

Name and describe all cytokines groups

A

Interleukins = il, 1-37
Interferons = ifn, alpha beta (type 1) and gamma (type 2)
Tumour necrosis factor = tnf, alpha and beta
Hematopeoitins or growth factors = gm-car, g-csf
Chemokines = for migration
Cytokines in bone marrow = make more of these cells

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17
Q

What is pleiotropism

A

One cytokine may be produced by many diff cell types and have effects on many diff cell types
One cytokine produces multiple effects

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18
Q

What is redundancy

A

Diff cytokines - more than one induces same effect

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19
Q

What is synergy

A

2 or more cytokines work together to induce an effect

20
Q

What is antagonism

A

One cytokine can Inactivate effect of another
= inhibit effect of other

21
Q

Describe complex network of cytokines

A

Same cytokine produced by multiple cells
Each cell type can produce multiple cytokines
Network of complex interactions
Specific cytokines are produced at diff times in diff locations
*once dendritic cells goes to lymph node = will produce diff cytokines than when at site of infection

22
Q

What can cytokines do - response

A

Imprint adaptive response

23
Q

Descrie cytokine profiles

A

Fate specifying cytokines for T cells
Cytokine secreted by dendritic cell = determines type of T cell it will differentiate into = all have diff roles
Cytokine secreted depends on subset T cel

Diff cytokines can induce differentiation of diff cell types
Diff cell types then produce diff cytokines too

24
Q

What do cytokines impact

A

Impact differentiation of T cells (signal 3, fate specifying cytokines affect)
Then differentiated T cells produce diff cytokines

25
Q

What does cytokine environment do

A

Imprints adaptive immune responses

26
Q

Is only humoral or cell mediated responses activated by cytokines

A

NORMALLY= mix of both
But one response can dominate
Cytokines can determine type = which will dominate

27
Q

What is cell mediated immunity mostly directed to

A

Viral infections
Intracellular pathogens
Some Extracellular pathogens

28
Q

What is cell mediated immunity characterized by

A

T helper cells —> innate immunity cell activation
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (ctl) activation

29
Q

What is humoral immunity mostly directed to

A

Extracellular bacteria/pathogens

30
Q

What is hum oral immunity characterized by

A

B cell activation
Antibody production

31
Q

What is a cytokine involved in inflammation

A

TNF-alpha= pro inflammatory cytokine

32
Q

What is tnf-alpha secreted by

A

Macrophages
Also other cells too

33
Q

Describe what tnf-alpha stimulates

A

Migration of innate cells
Dilates blood vessels (vasodilation), increases clotting (prevents pathogen from entering blood stream)

34
Q

What if tnf-alpha involved in

A

Many autoimmune diseases =
Therapies targeting tnf-alpha or recpetor for it used to treate rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease

35
Q

Describe local vs systemic effects

A

Local infection usually
But if systemic = bad, lose fluid and blood and multiple organ failure, collapse of vessels
With certain pathogens = if enters blood stream or if multiple organs infected
Local tnf-alpha —> local inflammation
Systemic tnf-alpha —>systemic effects

36
Q

What is sepsis

A

Systemic infection and inflammation

37
Q

What is acute phase response

A

Change in proteins present in the blood that occurs during early phases of infection

38
Q

What is actuate phase response induced by

A

Pro ifnlammtory cytokines = Il 1, beta, tnf-alpha, Il-6

39
Q

What does acute phase response involve

A

Increased synthesis/secretion of antimicrobial proteins form liver = acute phase proteins
Help innate immune response

40
Q

Name and describe some acute phase proteins

A

Mannose binding lectins
Complement proteins (main help for innate)
C reactive protein = can opsonize bacteria and trigger classical complement Cascade by binding to c1q

41
Q

Describe liver acute phase proteins

A

Activate other processes that help eliminate pathogens

42
Q

Name key pro inflammatory cytokines

A

Il-1beta, Il-6, tnf-alpha

43
Q

What are the effects of inflammatory cytokines

A

Acute phase response
Mobilizing cells
Fever
Contributes to response against pathogen

44
Q

What is fever caused by

A

Il-1beta, Il-6, tnf-alpha = which signal to induce a cascade that leads to a signal to hypothalamus = increase body temp

45
Q

Describe effects of inflammatory cytokines on liver

A

Acute phase proteins = c reactive, Mbl = activation of complement and opsonziation.

46
Q

Describe effects of inflammatory cytokines on bone marrow epithelium

A

Neutrophil mobilization —> phagocytosis

47
Q

Describe effects of inflammatory cytokines On hypothalamus

A

Increase body temp —> decreased viral and bacterial replication, increased antigen processing, increased specific immune response (*these same effects produced by fat/muscle effect = protein and energy mobilization to allow increased body temp = leads to same downstream effects)

MIMM 214 (8 decks)

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