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MIMM 214 > Overview of the immune system Pt 1 > Flashcards

Overview of the immune system Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What will a properly functioning immune system mount a response against

A

Dangerous non self

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1
Q

What does immune system do

A

Fight pathogens

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2
Q

Name and describe pathogen categories

A

Viruses
Parasites
Bacterium
Fungus

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3
Q

What are immune responses…

A

Quickly tailored to type of microorganism involved
Each v diff
Depends on pathogen we are exposed to
Diverse and tailored

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4
Q

Do different pathogens require the same immune response

A

NOOO
Require diff immune responses

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5
Q

What is one major difference - for pathogens

A

Intracellular = virus
Extracellular = bacteria, replicate outside cell

Immune response v diff
Pathogens are processed differently and generate diff types of responses

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6
Q

Describe immune response

A

Complex and involved many molecules, cells and tissues over time and in diff locations
Can sometimes result in life long immunity

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7
Q

Describe the 2 interconnected systems that the immune system uses in response to pathogens

A

In response to pathogen =
Innate immunity = first line of defence, fast non specific
Adaptive = highly diverse and specific
Need both

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8
Q

Name major players In immune response

A

Key organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules

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9
Q

Describe organs and tissues of immune system

A

Collection of organs, tissues, cells and molecules that cooridnately work to protect from infection

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10
Q

Describe key components of organs and tissues

A

Bone marrow
Thymus
Lymphatics - lymphatic system
Lymph nodes

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11
Q

What do immune cells do

A

Travel in body and occupy diff tissues over time
Through blood or lymphatic system

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12
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs

A

Where immune cells developed
Where immune cells generated
CENTRAL
Bone marrow and thymus

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13
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs

A

Where immune response initiated
Where immune cells activated
PERIPHERAL
Connected to each other via blood and lymphatic circulatory systems
LYMPH NODES, SPLEEN, MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissues), OTHER DIFFUSE AND LOOSELY ORGANIZED AREAS

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14
Q

What is important about immune cells

A

Diff immune cells associated with 2 diff categories = diff involved in diff ones
Innnate = neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes
Adaptive = b and T cells
Both = nk cells, dendritic, macrophages

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15
Q

Describe names of immune cells

A

Leukocytes or wbcs

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16
Q

Where do immune cells originate

A

Bone marrow

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17
Q

Where do all mature blood cells come from

A

Single cell type. = HSC
Hematopoietic stem cell

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18
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

Process by which HSCs differentiation into mature blood cells = occurs in bone marrow

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19
Q

Describe hematopoietic stem cell

A

Pluripotent / multi potent

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20
Q

Define pluripotent

A

Stem cells can generate almost every specialized cell type in an organism

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21
Q

Define multi potent

A

Stem cells generate various cell types on family - one type - of related cells

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22
Q

Name 2 main lineages

A

Lymphoid = B cells, T cells, nk cells (type of ilc), ilcs (innate lymphoid cells), give rise to adaptive immune cells
Myeloid = other leukocytes

23
Q

What can dendritic cells be generated by

A

Both lineages
Go to reside to tissues and organs or circulate in blood or lymphatic system

24
What is from myeloid lineage
Rbcs = erythrocytes Granulocutes Megakaryocytes Monocytes
25
Describe erythrocytes - myeloid lineage
Carry oxygen to cells and tissues Can generate anti microbial compounds Not key immune cells tho
26
Describe granulocytes - myeloid lineage
Neutrophils = direct harm to pathogens Eosinophils = antiviral activity, anti parasitic activity Basophils/mast cells = inflammation/allergies, creates histamine
27
Describe megakaryocytes - myeloid lineage
Give rise to platelets - blood clotting
28
Describe monocytes - myeloid lineage
Migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages —> function to repair/remodel, destroy pathogens and present antigens (triggers immune responses)
29
Which cells are specialized for phagocytosis - myeloid lineage
Macrophages Immature dendritic cells Neutrophils Phagocytosis = cellular uptake by engulfment
30
Describe what dendritic cells do exactly
Immature dendritic cells capture antigens, once they phagocytose = then mature and migrate out of that location to another and present antigens to T cells DENDRITIC CELLS = MOST POTENT APCs for activating naive T cells = bridge gap, most important role of dendritic cells
31
Describe lymphoid lineage
3 main types of cells = b, t and natural killer cells (subtype of innnate lymphoid cell) and ilcs
32
Describe lymphocytes
Appear similar but different sets carry diff clusters of differentiation = CD molecules on their surface
33
Describe lymphocytes and specificity
T and B cells responsible to adaptive immunity Generate highly specific responses Specificity determined by expression. Of receptors on cell surface
34
Bcr
For B cells Can be bound to membrane or secreted as antibodies
35
Tcr
Membrane bound Always anchored
36
What do dendritic cells bridge
Key bridge in immune response Connected innate to adaptive Involved in detecting infection Activate adaptive imminuty
37
T OR F innate and adaptive immunity work entirely separate
NAWHWHWHWHWH Work COOPERatively
38
What does activation of innate immune response produce
Signal molecules = communication Stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses
39
What can signal molecules do
Function to communicate - between cells or inside cells - or mediate interaction between cells Molecules trigger changes in target cells = activation, signalling, migration, transcription, cellular differentiation… Molecules = communicate but also can change cells, like matures dendritic cells
40
Name 4 key types of molecules
Secreted proteins Receptors on cell surface Intracellular signalling molecules and transcription factors Antigens
41
Describe secreted proteins
Cells communicate with each other through cytokines and chemokines
42
What are cytokines
Messenger proteins secreted by certain cells
43
What are chemokines
Subset of cytokines that recruit specific cells to a site
44
Describe receptors on cell surface
Immune cells covered in receptors Cytokines and chemokines bind target cells via specific receptors Cells can interact with each other through receptors
45
Describe intracellular signalling molecules and transcription factors
Many stimuli can result in intracellular signalling, involving signalling proteins and transcription factors —> something happens inside cell
46
Describe antigens
Molecules that immune responses are generated against - want to clear these
47
Describe ex =cells interact with each other via receptors, resulting in change = cell migration
Monocytes binds adhesion molecules on vascular endothelium near site of infection and receives chemokines signal Interaction= it’s receptor of monocyte wth receptor of endothelial, chemokine binds —> these interactions lead to change= migration of cell into tissue Monocytes mirgates into surrounding tissue Monocytes differentiates into inflammatory monocytes at site of infection Endothelial cell also has to loosen up = for cell to pass = also changes, happening in cell, also differentiated bc intracellular signalling took place, cell migrates to higher concentration of hcmeokines - chemokines will influence where cell goes
48
What is an antigen
Key molecule targeted by immune system Immune response generated against key specific components Specific molecule that can trigger immune response
49
What can an antigen be
Protein - most Nucleic acid Polysaccharide Lipid Organic chemicals Drugs
50
What is epitope
Specific portion of Antigen recognized by a receptor on immune cells = epitope B and T cell specific to each epitope
51
What is apart of innate immunity
Pathogen entry Pathogen recognition by innate immune cells Inflammation Homing to LN
52
What is apart of adaptive immunity
T AND B CELL Activation Adaptive immune response Recognition and memory - hopefully
53
What links innate to adaptive
Dendritic cell links, goes to lymph node
54
What can macrophages also do
Present antigens to T cells

MIMM 214 (32 decks)

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