Overview of the immune system Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What will a properly functioning immune system mount a response against

A

Dangerous non self

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1
Q

What does immune system do

A

Fight pathogens

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2
Q

Name and describe pathogen categories

A

Viruses
Parasites
Bacterium
Fungus

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3
Q

What are immune responses…

A

Quickly tailored to type of microorganism involved
Each v diff
Depends on pathogen we are exposed to
Diverse and tailored

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4
Q

Do different pathogens require the same immune response

A

NOOO
Require diff immune responses

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5
Q

What is one major difference - for pathogens

A

Intracellular = virus
Extracellular = bacteria, replicate outside cell

Immune response v diff
Pathogens are processed differently and generate diff types of responses

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6
Q

Describe immune response

A

Complex and involved many molecules, cells and tissues over time and in diff locations
Can sometimes result in life long immunity

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7
Q

Describe the 2 interconnected systems that the immune system uses in response to pathogens

A

In response to pathogen =
Innate immunity = first line of defence, fast non specific
Adaptive = highly diverse and specific
Need both

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8
Q

Name major players In immune response

A

Key organs and tissues
Cells
Molecules

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9
Q

Describe organs and tissues of immune system

A

Collection of organs, tissues, cells and molecules that cooridnately work to protect from infection

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10
Q

Describe key components of organs and tissues

A

Bone marrow
Thymus
Lymphatics - lymphatic system
Lymph nodes

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11
Q

What do immune cells do

A

Travel in body and occupy diff tissues over time
Through blood or lymphatic system

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12
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs

A

Where immune cells developed
Where immune cells generated
CENTRAL
Bone marrow and thymus

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13
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs

A

Where immune response initiated
Where immune cells activated
PERIPHERAL
Connected to each other via blood and lymphatic circulatory systems
LYMPH NODES, SPLEEN, MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissues), OTHER DIFFUSE AND LOOSELY ORGANIZED AREAS

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14
Q

What is important about immune cells

A

Diff immune cells associated with 2 diff categories = diff involved in diff ones
Innnate = neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes
Adaptive = b and T cells
Both = nk cells, dendritic, macrophages

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15
Q

Describe names of immune cells

A

Leukocytes or wbcs

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16
Q

Where do immune cells originate

A

Bone marrow

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17
Q

Where do all mature blood cells come from

A

Single cell type. = HSC
Hematopoietic stem cell

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18
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

Process by which HSCs differentiation into mature blood cells = occurs in bone marrow

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19
Q

Describe hematopoietic stem cell

A

Pluripotent / multi potent

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20
Q

Define pluripotent

A

Stem cells can generate almost every specialized cell type in an organism

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21
Q

Define multi potent

A

Stem cells generate various cell types on family - one type - of related cells

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22
Q

Name 2 main lineages

A

Lymphoid = B cells, T cells, nk cells (type of ilc), ilcs (innate lymphoid cells), give rise to adaptive immune cells
Myeloid = other leukocytes

23
Q

What can dendritic cells be generated by

A

Both lineages
Go to reside to tissues and organs or circulate in blood or lymphatic system

24
Q

What is from myeloid lineage

A

Rbcs = erythrocytes
Granulocutes
Megakaryocytes
Monocytes

25
Q

Describe erythrocytes - myeloid lineage

A

Carry oxygen to cells and tissues
Can generate anti microbial compounds
Not key immune cells tho

26
Q

Describe granulocytes - myeloid lineage

A

Neutrophils = direct harm to pathogens
Eosinophils = antiviral activity, anti parasitic activity
Basophils/mast cells = inflammation/allergies, creates histamine

27
Q

Describe megakaryocytes - myeloid lineage

A

Give rise to platelets - blood clotting

28
Q

Describe monocytes - myeloid lineage

A

Migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages —> function to repair/remodel, destroy pathogens and present antigens (triggers immune responses)

29
Q

Which cells are specialized for phagocytosis - myeloid lineage

A

Macrophages
Immature dendritic cells
Neutrophils
Phagocytosis = cellular uptake by engulfment

30
Q

Describe what dendritic cells do exactly

A

Immature dendritic cells capture antigens, once they phagocytose = then mature and migrate out of that location to another and present antigens to T cells
DENDRITIC CELLS = MOST POTENT APCs for activating naive T cells = bridge gap, most important role of dendritic cells

31
Q

Describe lymphoid lineage

A

3 main types of cells = b, t and natural killer cells (subtype of innnate lymphoid cell) and ilcs

32
Q

Describe lymphocytes

A

Appear similar but different sets carry diff clusters of differentiation = CD molecules on their surface

33
Q

Describe lymphocytes and specificity

A

T and B cells responsible to adaptive immunity
Generate highly specific responses
Specificity determined by expression. Of receptors on cell surface

34
Q

Bcr

A

For B cells
Can be bound to membrane or secreted as antibodies

35
Q

Tcr

A

Membrane bound
Always anchored

36
Q

What do dendritic cells bridge

A

Key bridge in immune response
Connected innate to adaptive
Involved in detecting infection
Activate adaptive imminuty

37
Q

T OR F innate and adaptive immunity work entirely separate

A

NAWHWHWHWHWH
Work COOPERatively

38
Q

What does activation of innate immune response produce

A

Signal molecules = communication
Stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses

39
Q

What can signal molecules do

A

Function to communicate - between cells or inside cells - or mediate interaction between cells
Molecules trigger changes in target cells = activation, signalling, migration, transcription, cellular differentiation…
Molecules = communicate but also can change cells, like matures dendritic cells

40
Q

Name 4 key types of molecules

A

Secreted proteins
Receptors on cell surface
Intracellular signalling molecules and transcription factors
Antigens

41
Q

Describe secreted proteins

A

Cells communicate with each other through cytokines and chemokines

42
Q

What are cytokines

A

Messenger proteins secreted by certain cells

43
Q

What are chemokines

A

Subset of cytokines that recruit specific cells to a site

44
Q

Describe receptors on cell surface

A

Immune cells covered in receptors
Cytokines and chemokines bind target cells via specific receptors
Cells can interact with each other through receptors

45
Q

Describe intracellular signalling molecules and transcription factors

A

Many stimuli can result in intracellular signalling, involving signalling proteins and transcription factors —> something happens inside cell

46
Q

Describe antigens

A

Molecules that immune responses are generated against - want to clear these

47
Q

Describe ex =cells interact with each other via receptors, resulting in change = cell migration

A

Monocytes binds adhesion molecules on vascular endothelium near site of infection and receives chemokines signal
Interaction= it’s receptor of monocyte wth receptor of endothelial, chemokine binds —> these interactions lead to change= migration of cell into tissue
Monocytes mirgates into surrounding tissue
Monocytes differentiates into inflammatory monocytes at site of infection
Endothelial cell also has to loosen up = for cell to pass = also changes, happening in cell, also differentiated bc intracellular signalling took place, cell migrates to higher concentration of hcmeokines - chemokines will influence where cell goes

48
Q

What is an antigen

A

Key molecule targeted by immune system
Immune response generated against key specific components
Specific molecule that can trigger immune response

49
Q

What can an antigen be

A

Protein - most
Nucleic acid
Polysaccharide
Lipid
Organic chemicals
Drugs

50
Q

What is epitope

A

Specific portion of Antigen recognized by a receptor on immune cells = epitope
B and T cell specific to each epitope

51
Q

What is apart of innate immunity

A

Pathogen entry
Pathogen recognition by innate immune cells
Inflammation
Homing to LN

52
Q

What is apart of adaptive immunity

A

T AND B CELL Activation
Adaptive immune response
Recognition and memory - hopefully

53
Q

What links innate to adaptive

A

Dendritic cell links, goes to lymph node

54
Q

What can macrophages also do

A

Present antigens to T cells