Overview of the CNS (Quiz 3) Flashcards
define rostrum
towards the nose/beak
The forebrain is _________ to the midbrain
rostral
_________ refers to the head of the embryo, while __________ refers to the tail
Cephalic, caudal
Which 2 directional terms are only used to describe structures within the CNS?
rostral and caudal
Define superior/ cranial
toward the head end of the body
What are the 4 divisions of the brain?
1) telencephalon (cerebrum)
2) diencephalon
3) brainstem
4) cerebellum
What are the 2 components of the telencephalon (cerebrum)?
cerebral hemispheres and basal nuclei
What are the 4 components of the diencephalon?
1) epithalamus
2) dorsal thalamus
3) hypothalamus
4) subthalamus
What are the 3 components of the brainstem?
1) midbrain
2) pons
3) medulla
What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
1) anterior lobe
2) posterior lobe
3) flocculonodular lobe
The spinal cord is one functional unit. What are the 3 components of the spinal cord?
1) ascending tract
2) descending tract
3) interneurons
What brain region is this?
-conscious thought processes, intellectual functions
-memory storage and processing
-conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
cerebrum
Which brain region has the highest level of processing?
cerebrum
What part of the brain is this?
-relay and processing centers for sensory info
thalamus
What part of the brain is this?
-centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
hypothalamus
What part of the brain is this?
-processing of visual and auditory data
-generation of reflexive somatic motor responses
-maintenance of consciousness
mesencephalon (midbrain)
What part of the brain is this?
-relays sensory info to the cerebellum and thalamus
-subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
pons
What part of the brain is this?
-relays sensory info to the thalamus and to other portions of the brainstem
-autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system functions)
medulla oblongata
What is the most superficial part of the brain?
cerebrum
In the cerebrum, each ridge is called a _________, and each groove between ridges is called a ___________, particularly deep sulci are often called fissures. This increases SA for neurons
gyrus, sulcus
What are the 4 prominent sulci used to divide the hemispheres into lobes?
test q- labeling q
1) central sulcus
2) lateral sulcus/fissure
3) parietoocipital sulcus
4) cingulate sulcus
The 2 cerebral hemispheres are joined by a huge fiber bundle, the ________________, which has an enlarged and rounded posterior splenium, a body, and an anterior, curved genu. It also has commissural fibers that go left to right or right to left.
corpus callosum
What is the functional name of the precentral gyrus?
primary motor cortex
Which lobe houses the primary motor cortex/precentral gyrus?
frontal lobe
Which lobe houses the gustatory cortex?
temporal lobe
What is the function of the gustatory cortex?
taste
Which lobe houses the olfactory cortex?
temporal lobe
Which lobe houses the primary sensory cortex/postcentral gyrus?
parietal lobe
Which lobe houses the visual cortex?
occipital lobe
Which lobe houses the auditory cortex?
temporal lobe
Which lobe is anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissure?
frontal lobe
Which lobe contains a cortex responsible for higher mental functions like future planning, personality, judgement, and social behaviors?
frontal lobe houses the prefrontal cortex
Which lobe contains primary motor, supplementary, and premotor cortices?
frontal lobe
Which lobe contains broca’s area for speech?
frontal lobe
Which lobe has these gyri?
-precentral gyrus
-superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri
frontal lobe
In the precentral gyrus, large neurons known as ______ cells send efferent axons that terminate on the contralateral motor cranial and spinal nuclei. The functional organization of the precentral gyrus is such that clusters of _______ cells are somatotopically represented by an inverted ______________________
Betz, Betz, motor homunculus
*****note: the homunculus goes from toes upward to the tongue (from medial to lateral in the pic)
Which lobe is found posterior to the central sulus, superior to the temporal lobe and lateral fissure, and anterior to the occipital lobe?
parietal lobe
Which lobe is composed of the postcentral gyrus and superior/inferior lobules?
parietal lobe
Which lobe contains the primary and association sensory cortices?
parietal lobe
Which lobe contains a cortex responsible for visual, auditory, and special sensory integration?
parietal lobe
Which lobe is anterior to the occipital lobe and inferior to the lateral fissure?
temporal lobe
How many gyri are there in temporal lobe?
3- superior, middle, and inferior
Which lobe contains a primary and secondary auditory cortex?
temporal lobe
Which lobe has the wernicke’s area that is in charge of comprehension of speech?
temporal lobe
What is the function of broca’s area?
speech production
What is the function of wernickes area?
comprehension of speech
Which lobe is located within the posterior cranial fossa posterior to the parietal lobe?
occipital lobe
Which lobe contains a primary and secondary visual cortex?
occipital lobe
The ___________, overlies the site where the telencephalon and diencephalon fuse during embryological development
insula
The portion of a given lobe overlying the insula is called an _____________
operculum
T/F: the limbic lobe is a functional lobe not an anatomical one
true
Which lobe has an uncus, parahippocampal gyrus, and cingulate gyrus?
limbic lobe
The uncus contains the amygdala. What is the function of the amygdala?
fear
Where do memories start in the brain?
hippocampus
Which lobe is in charge of emotions and memory?
limbic lobe
The basal nuclei is gray matter within….
each hemisphere
Which nucleus of the brain works like an orchestra conductor and is in charge of writing, walking, driving, etc.?
basal nuclei
Which nucleus of the brain has subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and coordinates learned movement patterns?
basal nuclei
What other terms mean basal nuclei?
-striatum
-pallidum or pallidal
-nigral
Are arcuate fibers short or long?
short (they stay within a lobe and go from gyrus to gyrus or sulcus to sulcus)
Are longitudinal fasciculi short or long fibers?
long (can span the entire length of brain)
Which fibers can be either ascending or descending?
projection fibers
Which fibers go from left to right or right to left and goes to inferior temporal lobe?
anterior commissure fibers
The _______________ is a bundle of white matter in the cerebrum
internal capsule
Which ventricle is found within the cerebrum/each hemisphere?
lateral ventricle
Where are the optic chiasm and optic nerve found?
on the anterior hypothalamus
The infundibulum is a stalk that contains axons that are in the _______________, and the pituitary gland hangs off of it
hypothalamus
The ____________ is a round bump with a nucleus that projects posteriorly off of the hypothalamus
mammillary body
What shape is the hypothalamus?
triangle
The thalamus is a very large nucleus that surrounds the _________ ventricle
3rd
T/F: there is only one thalamus
FALSE, theres 2- one in each hemisphere and it looks like an egg
The diencephalon is between the cerebral hemispheres and the medial surface forms the _________ ventricle. Nearly all connections use the _______________
3rd, internal capsule
What are the 4 regions/parts of the diencephalon?
1) epithalamus (pineal gland)
2) thalamus/ dorsal thalamus
3) subthalamus
4) hypothalamus
What is the region called where the 2 thalami are touching?
interthalamic adhesion
The thalamus has 3 regions and the 3 regions are divided with a Y shaped structure called…..
internal medullary lamina
The _____________ relays info and integrates motor and sensory impulses between higher brain regions and the periphery
thalamus
Each thalamus is an oval egg shape which is narrower on the _____________ end
anterior
Each thalamus is divided into roughly 3 parts. What are they?
anterior, medial, and lateral thalamus
The left thalamus communicates with the right thalamus by the ___________________
interthalamic adhesion
What are the 3 tracts/inputs that go to the thalamus?
1) ventral spinothalamic tract
2) lateral spinothalamic tract
3) dorsal/posterior column-medial lemniscus tract
note: tracts are bundles of axons with a direction, in this case, the direction is going up to the thalamus
What is the function of the ventral spinothalamic tract?
light touch and pressure
What is the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract?
pain and temp
What is the function of the dorsal/posterior column-medial lemniscus tract?
proprioception (all cutaneous tactile info)
The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are on what brain structure?
thalamus
Auditory tract from the ears synapse at the ____________________, which will then send input to the auditory cortex
medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
memory cue= M for music
Optic tract from the eyes synapse at the _____________________, which will then send input to the visual cortex
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
memory cue= L for light
The _____________ is at the center of many physiological processes for homeostasis including thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and hormonal regulation
hypothalamus
The left and right lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle are divided by an anteroposterior depression known as the….
hypothalamic sulcus
Which depression separates the thalamus superiorly from the hypothalamus inferiorly?
hypothalamic sulcus
The hypothalamus is composed mainly of different nuclei in 3 regions. What are the 3 regions?
1) chiasmal region
1a) preoptic region
1b) supraoptic region
2) tuberal region
3) mammillary region
What is the posterior landmark of the hypothalamus?
mammillary body
What is the inferior landmark for the hypothalamus?
infundibulum and pituitary gland
What is the anterior landmark for the hypothalamus?
optic chiasm and optic n.
Which region of the hypothalamus produces 2 hormones: ADH (anti-diuretic hormone, keep urine in, aka produce less urine and will communicate with kidneys) and OXT (oxytocin will communicate with smooth m. of reproductive system)?
chiasmal region
The chiasmal region of the hypothalamus produces ADH and oxytocin, but does not release them. The hormones will pass through a __________ blood vessel and then bind to the ____________________ (axons can also pass through this way)
portal, posterior pituitary
What is another name for the posterior pituitary?
neurohypophysis
What 2 hormones are produced and released by from the arcuate nucleus?
releasing hormone (RH) and inhibitory hormone (IH)
this is an on/off switch for the neuroendocrine system
ex: RH is released and will travel through blood, bind to pituitary and can release a number of different hormones like TSH, FSH, etc
If it releases TSH, then it will go to blood and then thyroid gland
the thyroid gland will release thyroid hormone (TH) like T3 or T4 which will communicate with mitochondria
glucose goes into mitochondria with oxygen while heat, carbon dioxide, and ATP leave mitochondria
the more TH there is, the faster the metabolic pathways will go
Which region of the hypothalamus has the function of feeding (hunger and thirst) and sexual function/behavior (drive to mate/reproduce)?
tuberal region
Which region of the hypothalamus has a memory circuit with the hippocampus?
mammillary region
What features does the anterior side of midbrain have?
cerebral peduncles that hold the cerebrum and brainstem in place
corticospinal tract runs here
What artery runs within the anterior side of pons?
basilar a.
What features does the anterior side of the medulla have?
2 olives, 2 pyramids, and pyramidal decussation
The anterior median fissure spans from ___________ to _________________
medulla, spinal cord
What features does the posterior midbrain have?
superior and inferior colliculus
What features does the posterior pons have?
cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, and inferior)
Where is the floor of the 4th ventricle and obex found?
posterior pons and medulla of brainstem
Which tracts run along the posterior median fissure of the brainstem?
fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus tract (FG is more medial, closest to posterior medial fissure)
What 2 nuclei are mesencephalic structures?
red nucleus and substantia nigra
Which cranial nerve is the only one seen on the posterior side of brainstem?
CN IV (all other CN including IV are seen anteriorly)
The midbrain extends from the roof of the _______ ventricle to the posterior commisure of the _______ ventricle
4th, 3rd
Does the midbrain have a lot of neurons?
not really, its a short structure so theres not much room
What is the function of the superior colliculi?
visual reflexes
What is the function of inferior colliculi?
auditory reflexes
Which tract starts within the red nucleus of the mesencephalon?
rubrospinal tract
Which nucleus within the midbrain means black substance and accumulates melanin?
substantia nigra
The pons is a metencephalic derivative of the _________________ from week 4 of development
rhombencephalon
The anterior surface of the pons has a banded appearance. The striations are corticopontocerebellar fibers running ______________
horizontally
The ______________________ is the boundary between the pons and midbrain
superior pontine sulcus
The _____________________ marks the pons to the medulla oblongata inferiorly
inferior pontine sulcus
The anterior surface of the pons has a _________ groove, which is where the artery sits
basilar
The posterior pons is covered by the _______________. Communication between the pons and cerebellum is via the _________________________
cerebellum, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
The posterior pons is the _______________ or floor of the 4th ventricle
rhomboid fossa
What is the most inferior part of the brainstem called?
medulla
Which part of the brainstem sits in the posterior cranial fossa below the tentorium cerebelli?
medulla
Which part of the brainstem is a continuation of the spinal cord that commences at the foramen magnum?
medulla
Which part of the brainstem continues superiorly until it transitions at the pontomedullary junction and this is where CN VI, VII and VIII are located?
medulla
The central canal is a caudal continuation of the 4th ventricle and is also seen in the very caudal medulla. The 4th ventricle ends at the ________ in the medulla.
obex
Posterior and bilateral to the dorsal median sulcus are vertical raised areas known as the __________________, this becomes the __________ tubercle
fasciculus gracilis, gracile
The _______________________ runs laterally to the fasciculus gracilis on either side of the medulla and also transitions into the larger cranial “bump” the ___________ tubercle
faciculus cuneatus, cuneate
The caudal/ closed medulla have a _______________ continuous with the spinal cord
central canal
The rostral/open medulla forms the _______________________
floor of the 4th ventricle
The __________ is the narrow V shape, also known as the 4th ventricle apex
obex
The major posterior/dorsal columns of the spinal cord ascend as bulges along the….
medulla
The midline of the anterior surface of the medulla is the….
anterior median fissure
There are 2 pyramids. Pyramids run longitudinal laterally to the anterior median fissure of the medulla. The pyramids contain _________________________ from the precentral gyrus muscle movement. Lateral and posterior to each pyramid is the olive. This bulge represents the underlying ___________________________. This is the main way into the cerebellum or a relay into cerebellum
efferent corticospinal fibers, inferior olivary nucleus
note: pyramids are projections made by underlying tracts
The cerebellum has 2 hemispheres (L/R) and they are connected centrally by the…..
vermis
The cerebellum arises from the….
rhombencephalon
What is the function of folia on the cerebellum?
they’re wrinkles/folds that increase SA
The cerebellum has an outer grey matter _________ and white matter ___________
cortex, internally
How many lobes does the cerebellum have? What are they?
1) anterior lobe
2) posterior lobe
3) flocculonodular lobe
What fissures are on the cerebellum?
-horizontal
-posterolateral
-postlunate
-primary restrotonsillar fissure
