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Neuroanatomy 1 > Overview of the CNS (Quiz 3) > Flashcards

Overview of the CNS (Quiz 3) Flashcards

1
Q

define rostrum

A

towards the nose/beak

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2
Q

The forebrain is _________ to the midbrain

A

rostral

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3
Q

_________ refers to the head of the embryo, while __________ refers to the tail

A

Cephalic, caudal

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4
Q

Which 2 directional terms are only used to describe structures within the CNS?

A

rostral and caudal

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5
Q

Define superior/ cranial

A

toward the head end of the body

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6
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the brain?

A

1) telencephalon (cerebrum)
2) diencephalon
3) brainstem
4) cerebellum

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7
Q

What are the 2 components of the telencephalon (cerebrum)?

A

cerebral hemispheres and basal nuclei

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8
Q

What are the 4 components of the diencephalon?

A

1) epithalamus
2) dorsal thalamus
3) hypothalamus
4) subthalamus

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9
Q

What are the 3 components of the brainstem?

A

1) midbrain
2) pons
3) medulla

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10
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A

1) anterior lobe
2) posterior lobe
3) flocculonodular lobe

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11
Q

The spinal cord is one functional unit. What are the 3 components of the spinal cord?

A

1) ascending tract
2) descending tract
3) interneurons

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12
Q

What brain region is this?
-conscious thought processes, intellectual functions
-memory storage and processing
-conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

A

cerebrum

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13
Q

Which brain region has the highest level of processing?

A

cerebrum

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14
Q

What part of the brain is this?
-relay and processing centers for sensory info

A

thalamus

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15
Q

What part of the brain is this?
-centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

What part of the brain is this?
-processing of visual and auditory data
-generation of reflexive somatic motor responses
-maintenance of consciousness

A

mesencephalon (midbrain)

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17
Q

What part of the brain is this?
-relays sensory info to the cerebellum and thalamus
-subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

A

pons

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18
Q

What part of the brain is this?
-relays sensory info to the thalamus and to other portions of the brainstem
-autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system functions)

A

medulla oblongata

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19
Q

What is the most superficial part of the brain?

A

cerebrum

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20
Q

In the cerebrum, each ridge is called a _________, and each groove between ridges is called a ___________, particularly deep sulci are often called fissures. This increases SA for neurons

A

gyrus, sulcus

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21
Q

What are the 4 prominent sulci used to divide the hemispheres into lobes?

test q- labeling q

A

1) central sulcus
2) lateral sulcus/fissure
3) parietoocipital sulcus
4) cingulate sulcus

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22
Q

The 2 cerebral hemispheres are joined by a huge fiber bundle, the ________________, which has an enlarged and rounded posterior splenium, a body, and an anterior, curved genu. It also has commissural fibers that go left to right or right to left.

A

corpus callosum

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23
Q

What is the functional name of the precentral gyrus?

A

primary motor cortex

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24
Q

Which lobe houses the primary motor cortex/precentral gyrus?

A

frontal lobe

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25
Q

Which lobe houses the gustatory cortex?

A

temporal lobe

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26
Q

What is the function of the gustatory cortex?

A

taste

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27
Q

Which lobe houses the olfactory cortex?

A

temporal lobe

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28
Q

Which lobe houses the primary sensory cortex/postcentral gyrus?

A

parietal lobe

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29
Q

Which lobe houses the visual cortex?

A

occipital lobe

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30
Q

Which lobe houses the auditory cortex?

A

temporal lobe

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31
Q

Which lobe is anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissure?

A

frontal lobe

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32
Q

Which lobe contains a cortex responsible for higher mental functions like future planning, personality, judgement, and social behaviors?

A

frontal lobe houses the prefrontal cortex

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33
Q

Which lobe contains primary motor, supplementary, and premotor cortices?

A

frontal lobe

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34
Q

Which lobe contains broca’s area for speech?

A

frontal lobe

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35
Q

Which lobe has these gyri?
-precentral gyrus
-superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri

A

frontal lobe

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36
Q

In the precentral gyrus, large neurons known as ______ cells send efferent axons that terminate on the contralateral motor cranial and spinal nuclei. The functional organization of the precentral gyrus is such that clusters of _______ cells are somatotopically represented by an inverted ______________________

A

Betz, Betz, motor homunculus

*****note: the homunculus goes from toes upward to the tongue (from medial to lateral in the pic)

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37
Q

Which lobe is found posterior to the central sulus, superior to the temporal lobe and lateral fissure, and anterior to the occipital lobe?

A

parietal lobe

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38
Q

Which lobe is composed of the postcentral gyrus and superior/inferior lobules?

A

parietal lobe

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39
Q

Which lobe contains the primary and association sensory cortices?

A

parietal lobe

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40
Q

Which lobe contains a cortex responsible for visual, auditory, and special sensory integration?

A

parietal lobe

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41
Q

Which lobe is anterior to the occipital lobe and inferior to the lateral fissure?

A

temporal lobe

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42
Q

How many gyri are there in temporal lobe?

A

3- superior, middle, and inferior

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43
Q

Which lobe contains a primary and secondary auditory cortex?

A

temporal lobe

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44
Q

Which lobe has the wernicke’s area that is in charge of comprehension of speech?

A

temporal lobe

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45
Q

What is the function of broca’s area?

A

speech production

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46
Q

What is the function of wernickes area?

A

comprehension of speech

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47
Q

Which lobe is located within the posterior cranial fossa posterior to the parietal lobe?

A

occipital lobe

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48
Q

Which lobe contains a primary and secondary visual cortex?

A

occipital lobe

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49
Q

The ___________, overlies the site where the telencephalon and diencephalon fuse during embryological development

A

insula

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50
Q

The portion of a given lobe overlying the insula is called an _____________

A

operculum

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51
Q

T/F: the limbic lobe is a functional lobe not an anatomical one

A

true

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52
Q

Which lobe has an uncus, parahippocampal gyrus, and cingulate gyrus?

A

limbic lobe

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53
Q

The uncus contains the amygdala. What is the function of the amygdala?

A

fear

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54
Q

Where do memories start in the brain?

A

hippocampus

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55
Q

Which lobe is in charge of emotions and memory?

A

limbic lobe

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56
Q

The basal nuclei is gray matter within….

A

each hemisphere

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57
Q

Which nucleus of the brain works like an orchestra conductor and is in charge of writing, walking, driving, etc.?

A

basal nuclei

58
Q

Which nucleus of the brain has subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and coordinates learned movement patterns?

A

basal nuclei

59
Q

What other terms mean basal nuclei?

A

-striatum
-pallidum or pallidal
-nigral

60
Q

Are arcuate fibers short or long?

A

short (they stay within a lobe and go from gyrus to gyrus or sulcus to sulcus)

61
Q

Are longitudinal fasciculi short or long fibers?

A

long (can span the entire length of brain)

62
Q

Which fibers can be either ascending or descending?

A

projection fibers

63
Q

Which fibers go from left to right or right to left and goes to inferior temporal lobe?

A

anterior commissure fibers

64
Q

The _______________ is a bundle of white matter in the cerebrum

A

internal capsule

65
Q

Which ventricle is found within the cerebrum/each hemisphere?

A

lateral ventricle

66
Q

Where are the optic chiasm and optic nerve found?

A

on the anterior hypothalamus

67
Q

The infundibulum is a stalk that contains axons that are in the _______________, and the pituitary gland hangs off of it

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

The ____________ is a round bump with a nucleus that projects posteriorly off of the hypothalamus

A

mammillary body

69
Q

What shape is the hypothalamus?

A

triangle

70
Q

The thalamus is a very large nucleus that surrounds the _________ ventricle

A

3rd

71
Q

T/F: there is only one thalamus

A

FALSE, theres 2- one in each hemisphere and it looks like an egg

72
Q

The diencephalon is between the cerebral hemispheres and the medial surface forms the _________ ventricle. Nearly all connections use the _______________

A

3rd, internal capsule

73
Q

What are the 4 regions/parts of the diencephalon?

A

1) epithalamus (pineal gland)
2) thalamus/ dorsal thalamus
3) subthalamus
4) hypothalamus

74
Q

What is the region called where the 2 thalami are touching?

A

interthalamic adhesion

75
Q

The thalamus has 3 regions and the 3 regions are divided with a Y shaped structure called…..

A

internal medullary lamina

76
Q

The _____________ relays info and integrates motor and sensory impulses between higher brain regions and the periphery

A

thalamus

77
Q

Each thalamus is an oval egg shape which is narrower on the _____________ end

A

anterior

78
Q

Each thalamus is divided into roughly 3 parts. What are they?

A

anterior, medial, and lateral thalamus

79
Q

The left thalamus communicates with the right thalamus by the ___________________

A

interthalamic adhesion

80
Q

What are the 3 tracts/inputs that go to the thalamus?

A

1) ventral spinothalamic tract
2) lateral spinothalamic tract
3) dorsal/posterior column-medial lemniscus tract

note: tracts are bundles of axons with a direction, in this case, the direction is going up to the thalamus

81
Q

What is the function of the ventral spinothalamic tract?

A

light touch and pressure

82
Q

What is the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract?

A

pain and temp

83
Q

What is the function of the dorsal/posterior column-medial lemniscus tract?

A

proprioception (all cutaneous tactile info)

84
Q

The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are on what brain structure?

A

thalamus

85
Q

Auditory tract from the ears synapse at the ____________________, which will then send input to the auditory cortex

A

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

memory cue= M for music

86
Q

Optic tract from the eyes synapse at the _____________________, which will then send input to the visual cortex

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

memory cue= L for light

87
Q

The _____________ is at the center of many physiological processes for homeostasis including thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and hormonal regulation

A

hypothalamus

88
Q

The left and right lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle are divided by an anteroposterior depression known as the….

A

hypothalamic sulcus

89
Q

Which depression separates the thalamus superiorly from the hypothalamus inferiorly?

A

hypothalamic sulcus

90
Q

The hypothalamus is composed mainly of different nuclei in 3 regions. What are the 3 regions?

A

1) chiasmal region
1a) preoptic region
1b) supraoptic region
2) tuberal region
3) mammillary region

91
Q

What is the posterior landmark of the hypothalamus?

A

mammillary body

92
Q

What is the inferior landmark for the hypothalamus?

A

infundibulum and pituitary gland

93
Q

What is the anterior landmark for the hypothalamus?

A

optic chiasm and optic n.

94
Q

Which region of the hypothalamus produces 2 hormones: ADH (anti-diuretic hormone, keep urine in, aka produce less urine and will communicate with kidneys) and OXT (oxytocin will communicate with smooth m. of reproductive system)?

A

chiasmal region

95
Q

The chiasmal region of the hypothalamus produces ADH and oxytocin, but does not release them. The hormones will pass through a __________ blood vessel and then bind to the ____________________ (axons can also pass through this way)

A

portal, posterior pituitary

96
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary?

A

neurohypophysis

97
Q

What 2 hormones are produced and released by from the arcuate nucleus?

A

releasing hormone (RH) and inhibitory hormone (IH)

this is an on/off switch for the neuroendocrine system

ex: RH is released and will travel through blood, bind to pituitary and can release a number of different hormones like TSH, FSH, etc

If it releases TSH, then it will go to blood and then thyroid gland

the thyroid gland will release thyroid hormone (TH) like T3 or T4 which will communicate with mitochondria

glucose goes into mitochondria with oxygen while heat, carbon dioxide, and ATP leave mitochondria

the more TH there is, the faster the metabolic pathways will go

98
Q

Which region of the hypothalamus has the function of feeding (hunger and thirst) and sexual function/behavior (drive to mate/reproduce)?

A

tuberal region

99
Q

Which region of the hypothalamus has a memory circuit with the hippocampus?

A

mammillary region

100
Q

What features does the anterior side of midbrain have?

A

cerebral peduncles that hold the cerebrum and brainstem in place

corticospinal tract runs here

101
Q

What artery runs within the anterior side of pons?

A

basilar a.

102
Q

What features does the anterior side of the medulla have?

A

2 olives, 2 pyramids, and pyramidal decussation

103
Q

The anterior median fissure spans from ___________ to _________________

A

medulla, spinal cord

104
Q

What features does the posterior midbrain have?

A

superior and inferior colliculus

105
Q

What features does the posterior pons have?

A

cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, and inferior)

106
Q

Where is the floor of the 4th ventricle and obex found?

A

posterior pons and medulla of brainstem

107
Q

Which tracts run along the posterior median fissure of the brainstem?

A

fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus tract (FG is more medial, closest to posterior medial fissure)

108
Q

What 2 nuclei are mesencephalic structures?

A

red nucleus and substantia nigra

109
Q

Which cranial nerve is the only one seen on the posterior side of brainstem?

A

CN IV (all other CN including IV are seen anteriorly)

110
Q

The midbrain extends from the roof of the _______ ventricle to the posterior commisure of the _______ ventricle

A

4th, 3rd

111
Q

Does the midbrain have a lot of neurons?

A

not really, its a short structure so theres not much room

112
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

visual reflexes

113
Q

What is the function of inferior colliculi?

A

auditory reflexes

114
Q

Which tract starts within the red nucleus of the mesencephalon?

A

rubrospinal tract

115
Q

Which nucleus within the midbrain means black substance and accumulates melanin?

A

substantia nigra

116
Q

The pons is a metencephalic derivative of the _________________ from week 4 of development

A

rhombencephalon

117
Q

The anterior surface of the pons has a banded appearance. The striations are corticopontocerebellar fibers running ______________

A

horizontally

118
Q

The ______________________ is the boundary between the pons and midbrain

A

superior pontine sulcus

119
Q

The _____________________ marks the pons to the medulla oblongata inferiorly

A

inferior pontine sulcus

120
Q

The anterior surface of the pons has a _________ groove, which is where the artery sits

A

basilar

121
Q

The posterior pons is covered by the _______________. Communication between the pons and cerebellum is via the _________________________

A

cerebellum, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles

122
Q

The posterior pons is the _______________ or floor of the 4th ventricle

A

rhomboid fossa

123
Q

What is the most inferior part of the brainstem called?

A

medulla

124
Q

Which part of the brainstem sits in the posterior cranial fossa below the tentorium cerebelli?

A

medulla

125
Q

Which part of the brainstem is a continuation of the spinal cord that commences at the foramen magnum?

A

medulla

126
Q

Which part of the brainstem continues superiorly until it transitions at the pontomedullary junction and this is where CN VI, VII and VIII are located?

A

medulla

127
Q

The central canal is a caudal continuation of the 4th ventricle and is also seen in the very caudal medulla. The 4th ventricle ends at the ________ in the medulla.

A

obex

128
Q

Posterior and bilateral to the dorsal median sulcus are vertical raised areas known as the __________________, this becomes the __________ tubercle

A

fasciculus gracilis, gracile

129
Q

The _______________________ runs laterally to the fasciculus gracilis on either side of the medulla and also transitions into the larger cranial “bump” the ___________ tubercle

A

faciculus cuneatus, cuneate

130
Q

The caudal/ closed medulla have a _______________ continuous with the spinal cord

A

central canal

131
Q

The rostral/open medulla forms the _______________________

A

floor of the 4th ventricle

132
Q

The __________ is the narrow V shape, also known as the 4th ventricle apex

A

obex

133
Q

The major posterior/dorsal columns of the spinal cord ascend as bulges along the….

A

medulla

134
Q

The midline of the anterior surface of the medulla is the….

A

anterior median fissure

135
Q

There are 2 pyramids. Pyramids run longitudinal laterally to the anterior median fissure of the medulla. The pyramids contain _________________________ from the precentral gyrus muscle movement. Lateral and posterior to each pyramid is the olive. This bulge represents the underlying ___________________________. This is the main way into the cerebellum or a relay into cerebellum

A

efferent corticospinal fibers, inferior olivary nucleus

note: pyramids are projections made by underlying tracts

136
Q

The cerebellum has 2 hemispheres (L/R) and they are connected centrally by the…..

A

vermis

137
Q

The cerebellum arises from the….

A

rhombencephalon

138
Q

What is the function of folia on the cerebellum?

A

they’re wrinkles/folds that increase SA

139
Q

The cerebellum has an outer grey matter _________ and white matter ___________

A

cortex, internally

140
Q

How many lobes does the cerebellum have? What are they?

A

1) anterior lobe
2) posterior lobe
3) flocculonodular lobe

141
Q

What fissures are on the cerebellum?

A

-horizontal
-posterolateral
-postlunate
-primary restrotonsillar fissure

Neuroanatomy 1 (22 decks)

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