Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroanatomy 1 > Glia (Quiz 2) > Flashcards

Glia (Quiz 2) Flashcards

1
Q

How many types of neuroglia/glia are there?

A

6 types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Do glia participate directly in synaptic transmission or in electrical signaling?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cells with glial characteristics act as ____________ giving rise to new glia and occasionally neurons

A

stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glial membranes contain transporter proteins that facilitate uptake of _______ and remove __________________. They regulate function

A

ions, neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some functions of glia?

theres a lot

A

-maintaining ionic composition around neurons (homeostasis)
-modulating the rate of propagation (myelination)
-modulating synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter uptake
-guiding neuronal development and axon outgrowth
-forming synaptic connections
-aiding or impeding neural injury
-forming BBB
-providing an interface between the brain and immune system
-regulates interstitial fluid flow (washing out waste)
-clean and remove debris (phagocytic)
-potentially acting as stem cells (can still divide whereas neurons cannot, glia are mitotically active)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is neuroglia located?

A

in all neural tissue from CNS to PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the glia of the PNS?

A

schwann cells and satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of satellite cells?

A

-surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia for protection
-regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia, and make sure sodium potassium is homeostatic
-satellite cells exist for biological isolation of PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of schwann cells?

A

-surround all axons in PNS
-responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
-participate in repair process after injury
-provide a covering to support and protect unmyelinated axons
-provide insulating material that allows rapid conduction of APs along axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the glia of the CNS?

A

1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the functions of ependymal cells?

A

-line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord)
-assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring CSF and the choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A

-myelinate CNS axons
-provide structural framework

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

-maintain BBB
-provide structural support
-regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas conc.
-absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
-form scar tissue after injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functions of microglia?

A

remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F: astrocytes have a lot of branching processes but no dendrites

A

TRUE, only neurons have dendrites not neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 types of astrocytes?

A

1) protoplasmic astrocytes
2) fibrous astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are protoplasmic astrocytes found?

A

in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are fibrous astrocytes found?

A

in the white matter of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common glial cell?

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Astrocytes are star shaped glia found in….

A

all areas of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Astrocytes and neurons communicate to modulate….

A

synaptic transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Astrocytes regulate __________________ and ________________ levels

A

extracellular ions, neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Astrocytes have many processes (very thin) that cover _________________ within the brain

A

all blood vessels

24
Q

When neurons fire an AP, K+ is released into the extracellular space. ____________ have many K+ channels and act as spatial buffers taking up the potassium

A

Astrocytes

25
Q

Astrocytes have high-affinity transporters to clear ______________ from the synaptic cleft

A

glutamate (Glu)

26
Q

Excess extracellular glutamate causes _______________ and can lead to neuronal death

A

excitotoxicity

27
Q

Astrocytes contain digestive enzymes that help degrade and metabolize what 4 molecules?

A

1) dopamine
2) NE
3) epi
4) serotonin

28
Q

What is a tripartite synapse?

A

3 components: pre and post synaptic terminal and astrocyte

29
Q

What glial cell prepares the surface of a neuron for synapse formation/development and stabilizes/connects adjacent neurons?

A

astrocytes

30
Q

Which glial cell releases thrombospodins that promote synaptogenesis?

A

astrocytes (helps with adult plasticity to change)

31
Q

During axonal damage, astrocytes retract from the….

A

post synaptic neuron

32
Q

Which glial cells can protect other cells against oxidative stress?

A

astrocytes

33
Q

Which glial cells contain glycogen and are capable of gluconeogenesis? How?

A

astrocytes
-it has been shown that astrocytes next to neurons in the cortex and hippocampus store and release glucose
-astrocytes can fuel neurons with glucose during periods of high rate of glucose consumption and glucose storage
-astrocytes also provide lactate

34
Q

Astrocytes in vitro become activated by _______ glucose

A

low

35
Q

What is the BBB?

A

-no blood in brain because it is toxic to neurons so there has to be a barrier (a CVA/stroke leads to neuronal death)
-to function, glia and neurons require a highly specialized environment that is almost fully impermeable
-macromolecules within blood and plasma compositional changes must be isolated from neurons
-endothelial cells have tight junctions with the brain and are ensheathed in astrocyte processes

36
Q

What are the 4 entryways to get into a brain?

A

-lipid soluble diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through BBB
-facilitated diffusion
-ATP mediated transport
-ion channels

37
Q

What are end feet?

A

1 individual process of an astrocyte that is usually wrapped around small blood vessels and decides what goes in and out of the brain

multiple end feet is called astrocyte foot processes

38
Q

Which glial cells is this?
-restricted to CNS only
-form and lay down laminated lipid rich wrapping called myelin around some axons
-they are small cells with 5-20 processes
-in the white matter, each cell envelopes multiple axonal segments called internodes/ myelin sheaths depending on the axon diameter
-in the gray matter, they support/surround the soma of neurons

A

oligodendrocytes

39
Q

ALS is caused by degenerative ____________

A

oligodendrocytes (they start to degenerate before disease onset and are replaced with new oligodendrocytes that don’t provide trophic support and lactate to neurons)

40
Q

In ________________, oligodendrocytes are damaged and myelin that normally insulates the axons of nerve cells is lost, a process known as demyelination

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

41
Q

It has been suggested that oligodendrocyte __________ may activate a cascade of neuro-inflammatory events leading to the induction of an autoimmune response targeted against oligodendrocytes and myelin

A

apoptosis

42
Q

______________________ forms a tight junction or boundary between CSF and brain tissue

A

ependymal cells/ ependyma

43
Q

____________ are specialized ependymal cells found in the 3rd and 4th ventricle and have long processes extending deep into the hypothalamus (hypothalamus regulates homeostasis of basically everything, so it can be assumed that this is a signaling mechanism)

test q

A

tanycytes

44
Q

How do microglia move through the CNS?

A

ameboid-like movement (like a water balloon with gravity can just flop over and continually change shape as its moving)

45
Q

Which glial cells share many properties with macrophages found within tissues?

A

microglia

46
Q

Unlike astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, microglia are derived from….

A

bone marrow and are hemopoietic

47
Q

Which glial cells remove cellular debris from sites of injury or neuronal replacement and turnover?

A

microglia

48
Q

Which glial cells have immunological surveillance functions (similar to NK cells) that present antigens to lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes and have been shown to secrete signaling molecules like cytokines?

A

microglia

49
Q

Glioma tissue is not only composed of cancer cells, but also contains non-transformed cells that are predominantly ___________ that appeared to have lost their function

A

microglia

50
Q

microglia and its loss of function has been studied to look at its correlation with many diseases and issues. What are some examples?

test q (remember at least one)

A

-spinal cord injury
-ataxia
-viral encephalitis
-ischemic stroke
-schizophrenia
-ALS and frontotemporal dementia
-alzheimers disease

51
Q

Schwann cells wrap ______________ many times

A

concentrically

52
Q

T/F: one schwann cell produces a single myelin sheath for one segment of one axon

test q

A

true!!!!!!! so you will need multiple schwann cells on 1 neuron

53
Q

T/F: the number of layers in myelin is proportional to the diameter of the axon

test q

A

true! larger axon= thicker sheath

54
Q

An axon lies in a __________ formed by a schwann cell

A

trough (during development)

55
Q

Schwann cells line up the axon at regular intervals and are __________ organized

A

perfectly

56
Q

The external membrane of the schwann cell surrounds the axon to form a double membrane called the….

A

mesaxon (note: the mesaxon spirals around forming layers, the last loop holds the nucleus and has the most cytoplasm, the cytoplasm is squeezed out and a lipid layer known as myelin remains)

57
Q

The gaps between schwann cells are exposed axon called…

A

nodes of Ranvier or just nodes

Neuroanatomy 1 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions