Overview of Development and Genomic Equivalence.

Question 1

Define fertilisation?

Answer 1

The union of 2 gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote.

Question 2

Define gametogenesis?

Answer 2

The production of eggs in women and sperm in men.

Question 3

Define organogenesis?

Answer 3

The interactions and cell movements that occur to produce various body organs.

Question 4

What is cleavage characterised by?

Answer 4

By rapid cell divisions in the cytoplasm of a zygote cytoplasm to blastomeres.

Question 5

What is a blastula?

Answer 5

A hollow ball of blastomere cells.

Question 6

What occurs in gastrulation?

Answer 6

The point of development where the cells of the embryo

for 3 distinct germ layers.

Question 7

What are the 3 germ layers that are formed during gastrulation?

Answer 7

Ectoderm.

Mesoderm.

Endoderm.

Question 8

What are the 3 body parts that are formed by the ectoderm?

Answer 8

The epidermis.

The brain.

The spinal cord.

Question 9

What are the 6 body parts that are formed by the mesoderm?

Answer 9

Muscle.

Skeletal tissue.

Blood.

Heart.

Kidneys.

Gonads.

Question 10

What are the 2 body parts that are formed by the endoderm?

Answer 10

The gut.

Respiratory tract linings.

Question 11

What are the 7 stages of the reproductive cycle, from birth to maturity?

Answer 11

Gametogenesis.

Fertilisation.

Cleavage.

Gastrulation.

Organogenesis.

Larval stages.

Maturity.

Question 12

Define embryonic development?

Answer 12

The process of change that transforms a fertilized egg into a complex multicellular organism.

Question 13

What is reproduction characterised by?

Answer 13

The production of a fertilised egg from 2 gametes.

Question 14

What is embryonic development characterised by?

Answer 14

The development of a zygote to form larvae or a juvenile organism.

Question 15

What is metamorphosis characterised by?

Answer 15

The development of larvae into an adult.

Question 16

What is maturation characterised by?

Answer 16

The development of a juvenile organism into an adult.

Question 17

What is senesence characterised by?

Answer 17

Adulthood to death.

Question 18

Define preformation?

Answer 18

The belief that mini organisms were found in the embryo and that they got bigger during development.

Question 19

Define epigenesis?

Answer 19

The belief that an embryo develops progressively from an undifferentiated egg cell.

Question 20

What would be an example of a totipotent cell?

Answer 20

A cell that can form any cell within the body, including the placenta and umbilical cord.

Question 21

Define a pluripotent cell?

Answer 21

A cell who can develop into any cell within the body, except for the placenta and umbilical cord.

Question 22

Define a determined cell?

Answer 22

When a cell and its progeny are irreversibly committed to one become one partiular cell type.

Question 23

Define a differentiated cell?

Answer 23

A cell that exhibits a clear phenotype that can identify it as a specialised cell.

Question 24

All cells within an embryo are descended from what?

Answer 24

A fertilised egg.

Question 25

What was Rouxs developmental experiment and what was his conclusion?

Answer 25

He took a 2 celled blastomere and destroyed 1 cell and only half the embryo developed.

He concluded that half of the total genetic material was found in each cell.

Question 26

The bastomere cells of a balstula have what potency or genetic potential?

Answer 26

They are totipotent.

Question 27

What did Dreisch discover after his experiment?

Answer 27

He separated a cell blastomere into individual cells and each cell developed into an embryo.

He concluded each cell has the possibility to develop and form an organism.

Question 28

Do the cells of the embryo remain totipotent forever?

Answer 28

No, totipotency will decrease as the embryo gets older .

Question 29

What kind of cells are found in an embryo after they have lost their totipotency?

Answer 29

Pluripotent cells.

Question 30

What will lead to the production of identical clones?

Answer 30

The transplantation of nucei that have been donated from the same individual produces identical clones.

Question 31

All somatic cells will retain what throughout development?

Answer 31

The same genes.

Question 32

Does cell differentiation arise from the loss of genes?

Answer 32

No, cell nver lose genes, they just express different genes and this is known as differential gene expression.

Question 33

What are luxury genes?

Answer 33

Specialised genes that are expressed by specific cell types.

E.g. A liver cell will express different luxury genes to a muscle cell.

Question 34

What determines a cells phenotype?

Answer 34

The type of luxury genes that are expressed by that cell.

Question 35

What are house keeping genes?

Answer 35

Genes expressed by almost every cell in the body and they provide proteins for cell structure and metabolism.