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Developmental Biology. > Induction and Primary Neural Indication. > Flashcards

Induction and Primary Neural Indication. Flashcards

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1
Q

Define instructive induction?

A

Instructive induction is where an inducing tissue will instruct the developing cell to go down a certain pathway.

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2
Q

Give an example of instructive induction?

A

An example would be primary induction where the anterior chordamesoderm instructs the gastrula ectoderm to form forebrain neural tissue.

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3
Q

Define permissive induction?

A

Permissive induction is where inducing tissue provides environmental conditions necessary for differentiation.

This could be in the form of raw materials that one cell can use to help it down a certain pathway.

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4
Q

What is somite chondrogenesis?

A

Where extra-cellular matrix is excreted by the notochord and neural tube, this permits sclerotome cells to form cartilage.

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5
Q

Chondrogenesis is what kind of induction?

A

Permissive.

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6
Q

Is induction is part of regulative development?

A

Yes.

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7
Q

What occurs, later on, inductive or mosaic development?

A

Inductive.

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8
Q

The cells that undergo induction are what kind of cells?

A

Pluripotent.

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9
Q

Can a blastomere from a regulative developer make a whole organism?

A

Yes.

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10
Q

If cells in a regulative developer are re-located, what effect does this have on development?

A

No effect.

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11
Q

If cells in a regulative developer are re-located, what effect does this have on development?

A

Serious effects.

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12
Q

How does cell determination become more restricted in a regulative developer?

A

As development proceeds.

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13
Q

At the gastrula stage, what cells are formed?

A

Ectoderm.

Mesoderm.

Endoderm.

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14
Q

What stimulus are diffusible molecules?

A

An excreted protein which will bind to cell surface receptors on the competent cell.

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15
Q

Diffusible molecules, extracellular matrix components, cell-cell contact and physical inductions are examples of what?

A

Stimuli.

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16
Q

What is the most common stimulus for regulative developers?

A

Diffusible molecules.

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17
Q

What stimulus are extracellular matrix components?

A

These occur when one cell excretes proteins that are building molecules for the receiving cell to make structures with.

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18
Q

What stimulus is cell-cell contact?

A

Communication via gap junctions and the sharing of molecules through these pores.

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19
Q

What stimulus are physical inductions?

A

A physical force from one cell that causes changes in another cell.

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20
Q

Define the inducer?

A

The inducer is the cell that sends a development signal, usually in the form of an excreted protein.

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21
Q

Define the compotent?

A

This cell will receive information and act on it to differentiate.

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22
Q

Describe how competence can be transient?

A

A cell expressing the receptors for a particular protein, may not receive that protein.

It will then express the receptors for a different protein.

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23
Q

Sea urchins use regulative development until what stage?

A

The 8 cells stage.

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24
Q

Can the animal cells in a sea urchin make a complete organism after the 8 cell stage?

A

No.

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25
Q

If the sea urchin embryo is split into the left and right side, containing both animal and vegetal blastomeres then how will development proceed?

A

As normal.

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26
Q

If we take the animal half and the 1st layer of vegetal cells of a sea urchin embryo, what will be formed?

A

A gut will be formed but, the blastula is ciliated.

27
Q

If the animal half of a developing sea urchin is taken with 2 layers of vegetal cells, what is formed?

A

A complete larva with skeletal rods that come from the mesomeres.

28
Q

Skeletal rods normally come from which cells in the sea urchin?

A

Micromeres.

29
Q

What organisms does neural induction occur in?

A

Vertebrates.

30
Q

What cell layer is the notochord formed by?

A

The mesoderm.

31
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

The notochord cells secrete a signal instructing them to turn into neural ectoderm.

The cells respond to this signal and the neural tube is formed.

32
Q

Describe Spemman and Mangolds experiment?

A

They took a dorsal lip of a blastopore and transferred this to a ventral or lateral position in another gastrula.

This developed a notochord and somites and caused the host ectoderm to form a neural tube. They termed this cell an organiser.

33
Q

The cell signal involved in Spemman and Mangold’s experiment is what kind of genes?

A

The cell signal involved in this differentiation is homeobox genes.

34
Q

Describe mesodermal induction?

A

The top section of the blastula forms ectoderm.

If this part of the cell is removed and stuck onto the vegetal cells then it will form mesodermal cells.

35
Q

Where does mesodermal induction come from?

A

From the vegetal cells.

36
Q

What is dorsal induction?

A

When the mother places material in the vegetal region gives identity to cells.

37
Q

What gives the signal to the mesoderm to become the organiser in dorsal induction?

A

The Nieuwkoop centre which is on one side of the vegetal cells.

38
Q

Where is the veg 1 signalling molecule found?

A

It is only found in the vegetal section of the embryo.

39
Q

Where is the beta-catenin signalling molecule found?

A

It is found on the dorsal side of the blastula.

40
Q

Where are the BMP proteins found?

A

In a gradient in high concentration on the ventral side getting lower towards the dorsal region.

41
Q

Describe the concentration of signalling molecules in the organiser?

A

Low BMP.

High beta catanin.

High nodal related proteins.

A standard amount of veg 1.

42
Q

What side of the cell is the organiser on?

A

The dorsal side.

43
Q

Chordin and noggin are what kind of proteins?

This is an example of antagonistic pairs. The formation of neural ectoderm is the default pathway and will always occur unless blocked by BMP-4.

A

Nodal-related proteins

44
Q

Chordin and noggin are on what side of the embryo?

A

The dorsal side.

45
Q

BMP-4 proteins are on what side of the embryo?

A

The ventral side.

46
Q

Cells that have active BMP-4 will form what tissues?

A

Epidermis.

47
Q

Nodal-related proteins do what to BMP-4?

A

Inactivate it.

48
Q

Inactive BMP-4 proteins form what?

A

Neural tissue.

49
Q

What drives the formation of neural tissue?

A

The nodal-related proteins inactivating BMP-4 allows the cells to form neural tissue.

50
Q

What differentiates the formation of neural tissue from epidermis?

A

The presence of BMP 4.

51
Q

Give an example of an antagonistic pair?

A

BMP-4 and nodal-related proteins.

52
Q

Nodal-related proteins are made up of what?

A

Chordin and noggin.

53
Q

In the xeonpus BMP-4 is blocked by?

A

Chordin and noggin.

54
Q

In the drosphilia BPP is blocked by what?

A

Short gastrulation and maybe a noggin homologue.

55
Q

In the mammals BMPs are blocked by what?

A

Unknown.

56
Q

What happens if noggin is injected into UV irradiated eggs?

A

It will restore dorsal structures.

57
Q

Goosecoid mRNA, chordin, noggin and follistatin

can induce what?

A

A secondary axis.

58
Q

If cerberus is injected into the ventral cells, what will be formed?

A

An extra head.

59
Q

What is somite chondrogenesis?

A

Permissive induction.

60
Q

Somites are formed by what?

A

paraxial mesoderm.

61
Q

If somites develop by themselves, what will happen?

A

No cartilage will be formed.

62
Q

What do somatic cells have to interact with in order to form cartilage?

A

The notochord, type 2 collagen, cartilage proteoglycan or neural tube.

63
Q

What secretes collagen so that the somites can form cartilage?

A

The notochord and the neural tube secrete the collagen that the somites need to form cartilage.

Developmental Biology. (21 decks)

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