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Developmental Biology. > Gastrulation. > Flashcards

Gastrulation. Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 germ layers that are formed during gastrulation?

A

Mesoderm.

Ectoderm.

Endoderm.

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2
Q

What is the starting material is gastrulation?

A

A blastula.

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3
Q

Describe the blastula of reptiles, birds and fish?

A

They have a flatter blastomere which sits on top of the yolk.

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4
Q

What is the 1st thing that happens in gastrulation?

A

Cell division slows down.

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5
Q

What is the ectoderm formed by?

A

The ectoderm is formed by the outer layer of cells.

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6
Q

What does the ectoderm go on to form?

A

The skin and the nervous system.

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7
Q

What is the mesoderm formed by?

A

The inner layer of cells.

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8
Q

What is the endoderm formed by?

A

The layer of cells inside the blastula

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9
Q

What does the endoderm go on to form?

A

The respiratory system and the digestive tract.

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10
Q

What does the outer layer of the ectoderm form?

A

Epidermis.

Neural crest.

Nervous system.

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11
Q

What does the inner layer of the endoderm form?

A

Linings of the digestive and respiratory tract.

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12
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

Muscles.

Heart.

Blood cells.

Blood vessels.

Urogenital system.

Skeletal tissues of the trunk.

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13
Q

What kind of structure do the cells in gastrulation tend to move in?

A

Sheets of cells.

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14
Q

Describe invagination?

A

When a sheet of cells buckles inwards.

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15
Q

What does invagination help cells to do?

A

Invagination helps the cells on the outside of the blastula reach the inside.

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16
Q

Describe ingression?

A

Ingression is when a sheet of cells lose their adhesion to one another and the individual cells will migrate from the surface of the embryo to its interior.

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17
Q

Describe epiboly?

A

This is a spreading of cells and is similar to rolling out pastry into a sheet.

The sheet is spread out to a single layer of cells.

Each cell starts out being thick and ends up being short and thin. This will allow these cells to spread out and cover the embryo.

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18
Q

What are the epithelial cells?

A

Surface ectoderm.

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19
Q

Describe involution?

A

Involution is when a sheet of cells moves in a direction and then performs a u-turn to move underneath the original movement.

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20
Q

Describe de-lamination?

A

This is when 2 sheets are stuck together and begin to separate into 2 parallel sheets.

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21
Q

Describe intercalation?

A

Intercalation occurs when 2 layers of cells come together to form 1 layer of cells.

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22
Q

Describe convergent extension?

A

This is the intercalation of 3 or more cell layers that cause the tissue to narrow get longer.

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23
Q

How is the primitive streak formed in birds?

A

There is a thickening of cells along the posterior of the midline of the epiblast.

This extends anteriorly and forms the primitive streak across the midline of the epiblast.

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24
Q

What is the tip of the primitive streak?

A

Hensons node.

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25
Q

In birds, what is the spot called where the cells begin to involute and flow inside the embryo?

A

Hensons node.

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26
Q

In fish, what is the spot called where the cells begin to involute and flow inside the embryo?

A

The shield.

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27
Q

As cells move into Hensons node, what is the primitive streak doing?

A

Moving anteriorally.

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28
Q

What is the name of the 2 streams of cells that flow into Hensons node?

A

The first stream is the intermediate stream.

The 2nd stream is the deep stream.

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29
Q

What do the cells from the intermediate stream end up

and what do they form?

A

These cells then move to the sides and will form mesodermal cells.

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30
Q

What do the cells from the deep stream end up

and what do they form?

A

These cells will push past the hypoblast to form the endoderm layer.

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31
Q

In the gastrulation of mammals, what happens to the trophoblast cells?

A

The trophoblast cells will make the extra-embryonic tissue such as the placenta.

32
Q

In the gastrulation of mammals, what happens to the inner cell mass?

A

The inner cell mass will form the embryo.

33
Q

How does the inner cell mass differentiate further?

A

The inner cell mass will then form an epiblast and a hypoblast.

The hypoblast will form extra-embryonic tissues such as the yolk sac.

The epiblast will split again to form the embryo and the amniotic sac.

34
Q

In mammals, what is the tip of the primitive streak known as?

A

The primitive knot.

35
Q

In mammals how do the cells undergo involution?

A

Cells will move through the primitive knot and in to blastocoelic cavity.

36
Q

In mammals the cells that move to the epiblast form what?

A

Somatic mesoderm.

37
Q

In mammals the cells that move down the midline form what?

A

The cells that go down the midline will form the notochord.

The hypoblast will be displaced to form the endoderm layer.

38
Q

What are the 3 different types of blastomere in the sea urchin?

A

The mesomeres are found in the animal pole and are medium sized.

The vegetal end is made up of large macromeres and small micromeres.

39
Q

How does gastrulation begin in the sea urchin?

A

By the ingression of the micromeres into the hollow centre of the blastula.

40
Q

How do the micromeres move into the blastocoelic cavity?

A

By extension of the filipodia.

41
Q

What are the micromeres that move into the blastocoelic cavity known as?

A

Primary mesenchymal cells.

42
Q

What do the primary mesenchymal cells end up forming?

A

The skeletal rods.

43
Q

How does invagination occur in the sea urchin?

A

The vegetal plate cells will begin to flatten and then will buckle and move to the interior of the blastula.

44
Q

Where does invagination occur in the sea urchin?

A

At the vegetal plate.

45
Q

What is apical constriction?

A

They contain an apical microfilament ring made of actin.

This ring is in the bottom half of the cell and it will begin to contract which causes the bottom half of the cell to bulge outwards, this forces the buckling of the vegetal plate.

46
Q

What is the chemical that the vegetal cells secrete during invagination?

A

Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan.

47
Q

How does chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan help the vegetal plate cells?

A

It is secreted into the inner lamina during invagination.

This causes the inner lamina wall to swell while the outer lamina wall remains unchanged.

48
Q

What does the archenteron form?

A

The primitive gut.

49
Q

What causes the archenteron to lengthen?

A

Convergent extension.

50
Q

What are the secondary mesonchymal cells?

A

The cells at the top of the archenteron.

51
Q

What do the secondary mesonchymal cells do?

A

They guide the archenteron to the roof of the blastocoelic cavity.

52
Q

What does the stromadium and how is it formed?

A

It is the future mouth.

The secondary mesonchymal break through the roof of the archenteron.

53
Q

What do the 2ndary mesonchymal cells form?

A

Other mesodermal derived organs.

54
Q

What kind of cleavage do amphibians have?

A

Radial holoblastic cleavage.

55
Q

How does invagination take place in amphibians?

A

Invagination will occur and is driven by the constriction of the apical microfilament ring to form bottle cells.

This invagination will form the dorsal lip of the blastopore. This will then invaginate further to form a deep hole.

56
Q

Which layer forms the mesoderm in amphibians?

A

The involuted layer.

57
Q

What cells will form the ectoderm in amphibians?

A

The cells on the animal and the cells that did not involute.

58
Q

How are the cells that do not involute find their way to the roof of the blastocoel cavity?

A

These cells are guided by contact guidance and the secretion of fibronectin from the roof of the blastocoel.

59
Q

What cells will form the endoderm in amphibians?

A

The internal cells will form the endoderm.

60
Q

In amphibians, which cells form the notochord?

A

The cells that involute at the dorsal lip will end up forming archenteron roof and the notochord.

61
Q

In amphibians, which cells form the muscles?

A

The cells that enter through the lateral lip will form the archenteron floor and the muscle cells.

62
Q

What is the area pellucida?

A

This is the central area of the blastoderm and it surrounds the embryo.

63
Q

What is the area opaca?

A

This is the peripheral ring of the blastoderm surrounding the area pellucida.

64
Q

What is the epiblast?

A

This forms all the tissues of the embryo.

65
Q

What is the hypoblast?

A

This will protect and nourish the embryo and form extra embryonic membranes.

66
Q

What do the dorsal lip of the blastomere, Hensens node and primitive knot all have in common?

A

They are all the locations where involution occurs.

67
Q

What are the synction-trophoblast cells and how do they form?

A

These are very large and multi-nucleated cells.

They are formed by the fusion of the trophoblast cells from a mammalian blastula.

68
Q

What do the synction-trophoblast cells do?

A

They will invade the uterine endometrium by extending finger like projections of tissue.

69
Q

What is the chorion?

A

The finger like projection projections from the synction-trophoblast cells form the chorion of the placenta.

70
Q

What does the chorion do?

A

It will surround the maternal blood pools in the uterus and remove oxygen from the maternal blood supply.

71
Q

How does the chorion help the embryo to breathe?

A

The chorion takes oxygen from the maternal haemoglobin and transfers it to the foetus. It will also remove CO2 and nitrogen.

72
Q

What is responsible for delivering nutrients to the developing embryo?

A

The chorion.

73
Q

What hormones are produced by the chorion?

A

Chorionic gonadotropin. (HCG).

Chorionic somatomammotropin.

Early pregnancy factor.

74
Q

What does chorionic gonadotropin. (HCG) do?

A

This hormone will maintain the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum.

Progesterone will maintain the uterine endometrium.

If implantation does not occur, then no chorionic gonadotropin is produced and the corpus luteum will not produce progesterone causing the collapse of the corpus luteum.

75
Q

What does chorionic somatomammotropin do?

A

This hormone promotes foetal growth and development. It is also responsible for the development of the maternal breasts.

76
Q

What does early pregnancy factor do?

A

Because the embryo is made of genetics from the father and the mother, there is potential for the mothers immune system to attack the embryo.

This hormone will suppress the immune system of the mother in order to protect the embryo.

Developmental Biology. (21 decks)

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