Monsters. Flashcards
What is responsible for forming human monsters?
Genetic mutations.
What is responsible for forming human monsters?
Genetic mutations.
How did researchers conclude which genes caused which mutations?
By experimenting on other organisms that have a simiilar developmental process to humans.
What techniques were used on what animals?
Gene knockout technique. Mice.
Antisense technique. Zebrafish.
SiRNA silencing of RNA. C. elegans.
Induced mutations. Many species
Once researchers had performed gene knockouts on organisms, what did they do?
They allowed the organism to develop so they could see what happened.
How do researchers look at a genetic defect that is unique to humans?
Find and study humans that have this mutation.
Buddhists used to use what kind of mutants a godlike creatures?
Dwarves.
They were guardians of buddhist temples.
What can cause dwarfism in humans?
Environmental causes.
Genetic causes.
What is the common name for dwarves?
Achondroplastic dwarves
What is the mutation that leads to dwarfism?
Achondraplasia.
What is the gene that is affected by achondraplasia?
Type 2 collagen.
What does the type 2 collagen mutation lead to?
The impaired synthesis of sulphated proteoglycans.
What does the type 2 collagen gene code for?
Cartilage and bone formation.
What are hormonal causes of dwarfism?
The gene that releases hormones from the pituitary gland is affected.
Why are hormones important for growth?
Hormonal regulation is important for stimulating the growth of the longer bones.
Mutations that affect growth factors will lead to what?
Dwarfism.
How did researchers conclude which genes caused which mutations?
By experimenting on other organisms that have a simiilar developmental process to humans.
Buddhists used to use what kind of mutants a godlike creatures?
Dwarves.
They were guardians of buddhist temples.
What is cretinism?
An example of environmental dwarfism.
What causes cretinism?
When a person does not get enough dietary iodine.
When a person does not get enough iodine, what part of the body is affected?
Thyroid function.
Salt in developed countries is enriched with what?
Iodine.
The monster of Ravenna is likely to have had what disease?
Roberts syndrome.
What are the characteristics of Roberts syndrome?
Autosomal recessive.
Long bone deficiencies (loss of proximal structures).
Cleft palate.
Malformed hands.
Chromosomal abnormalities.
Mitotic errors.
Changes in heterochromatin.
How does Spemman and Mangolds experiment related to the creation of 2 headed animals?
They transplanted the dorsal lip of the blastopore onto the other side of the embryo.
The nodal related proteins in the dorsal lip inactivate BMP and generate a second dorsal axis.
What is the most common form of 2 heads being exhibited in humans?
Siamese twins.
How are identical siamese twins formed?
The embryo splits at the blastomere stage, cells will regulate each other to develop a new organism, once they re-fuse, their will be 2 separate but identical groups of cells that are joined together.
How are non identical twins formed?
Where 2 different embryos fuse together.
Who were 2 famous womanising Siamese twins?
Cheng and Eng.
Who were the Siamese twins who shared a pair of legs?
The Tocci brothers.