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B2. Cardiovascular System > Overview and Function of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Overview and Function of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Act as a bulk flow system which transports things are the body

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2
Q

What are examples of things that the cardiovascular system transports around the body?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Metabolites

Hormones

Heat

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3
Q

How is the cardiovascular system flexible?

A

Pump can vary output

Vessels can redirect blood

Vessels can store blood

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4
Q

Are pumps in the cardiovascular system in series or parralel and what does this mean?

A

Series so output must be equal (left and right side of the heart)

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5
Q

Are vascular beds in series or parralel, and what does this mean?

A

Parralel which means all tissues gets oxygenated blood and allows regional redirection of blood

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6
Q

Are all vascular beds in parralel?

A

No, some are in series

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7
Q

What are examples of vascular beds that are in series?

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Gut and the liver

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8
Q

Why are some vascular beds in series?

A

Allows blood to flow directly from one place to where it next needs to go, such as carrying nutrients from the gut to the liver

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9
Q

How should the percentage of cardiac out use compare to the percentage of oxygen consumption?

A

They should be about the same

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10
Q

What are examples of organs where the cardiac output and oxygen consumption are not in balance?

A

Kidneys (more cardiac output than oxygen consumption)

Skin (more cardiac output than oxygen consumption)

Heart (more oxygen consumption than cardiac output)

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11
Q

Why do the kidneys recieve a greater cardiac output than oxygen consumption?

A

They filter the blood

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12
Q

Why does the skin recieve a greater cardiac output than oxygen consumption?

A

Thermoregulation, blood is sent there to cool it and maintain body temperature

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13
Q

Why does the heart have a greater oxygen consumption than cardiac out?

A

Each time it contracts it cuts of its own blood supply

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14
Q

How can blood be redirected during exercise?

A

Altering the resistance of different vessels

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15
Q

What formula relates flow to pressure and resistance?

A
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16
Q

How is flow proportional to the difference in pressure?

A

Directly proportional

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17
Q

How is flow proportional to the resistance?

A

Inversely proportional

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18
Q

What is the formula to describe pressure difference?

A

Mean arterial pressure - central venous pressure

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19
Q

What is resistance controlled by?

A

The radius of a vessel

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20
Q

What is the relationship between resistance and the radius of a vessel?

A

Inversely proportional to the radius to the power of 4

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21
Q

What happens to mean arterial pressure during exercise and why?

A

Mean arterial pressure increases due to the heart pumping harder

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22
Q

What does increasing the mean arterial pressure do to the pressure difference between vessels?

A

Increases it

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23
Q

How is blood directed during exercise?

A

Changing the resistance of different vessels

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24
Q

What are examples of different vessles?

A

Aorta

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

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25
What are the 3 different kinds of arteries?
Elastic Muscular Resistance
26
What kind of artery is the aorta?
Elastic artery
27
What kind of artery are arteries?
Muscular arteries
28
What kind or artery are arterioles?
Resistance vessels
29
What are the characteristics of elastic arteries?
Wide lumen Elastic wall Damp pressure variations
30
What are characteristics of muscular arteries?
Wide lumen Strong non-elastic wall Low resistance conduit
31
What are characteristics of resistance vessels?
Narrow lumen Thick contractile wall Control resistance and therefore flow Allow regional redirection of blood
32
What kind of vessels are capillaries?
Exchange vessels
33
What are characteristics of exchange vessels?
Narrow lumen Thin wall
34
What kind of vessels are venules and veins?
Capacitance vessels
35
What are characteristics of capacitance vessels?
Wide lumen Distensible wall Low resistance conduit Acts as reservoir Allows fractional distribution of blood between veins and the rest of circulation
36
What does a vessels characteristics relate to?
Its function
37
What do thick walls allow?
Greater pressure to be contained
38
What do elastic walls allow?
More energy to be absorbed to stop blood pressure going to high once the heart beats, and to release energy preventing it from going to low once the heart is relaxed
39
How thick are the walls of the capillaries?
1 cell thick
40
Why are the walls of capillaries 1 cell thick?
To allow diffusion to occur
41
What does capillaries having a narrow lumen mean fore their surface area to volume ratio?
High surface area to volume ratio
42
What percentage of blood is in the veins and venules at any one time?
2/3
43
What is A?
Pulmonary vein
44
What is B?
Superior vena cava
45
What is C?
Inteatrial septum
46
What is D?
Right atrium
47
What is E?
Right AV valve
48
What is F?
Inferior vena cava
49
What is G?
Right ventricle
50
What is H?
Pulmonary and aortic valves
51
What is I?
Interventricular septum
52
What is J?
Left AV valve
53
What is K?
Left ventricle
54
What is L?
Pulmonary trunk
55
What is M?
Left atrium
56
What is N?
Pulmonary artery
57
What is O?
Aorta
58
What is the myocardium?
Muscular tissue of the heart
59
What is the muscular tissue of the heart called?
Myocardium
60
What is the atrium?
Where blood returns to
61
What is the bit of the heart where the blood returns to called?
Atrium
62
What seperates the two halves of the heart?
Septum
63
What does the septum do?
Seperates the 2 halves of the heart
64
What is the ventricle?
Chamber that ejects blood out of the heart
65
What ejects blood out of the heart?
Ventricle
66
Where does the aorta carry blood from and to?
From the heart to systemic circulation
67
What does the vena cava do?
Returns blood to the heart from systemic circulation
68
What returns blood to the heart from systemic circulation
69
Where does the pulmonary trunk carry blood from and to?
From the heart to the lungs
70
What carries blood from the heart to the lungs?
Pulmonary trunk
71
Where do the pulmonary veins carry blood from and to?
From the lungs to the heart
72
What carries blood from the lungs to the heart
73
What are the chordae tendinae?
Thin chords that attach to AV valves to prevent them from turning inside out
74
What are the thin chords that attach to AV valves to prevent them from turning inside out called?
Chordae tendinae
75
What are papillary muscle?
Attached to chordae tendinae to maintain tension and support preventing the valves from turning inside out once the heart contracts
76
What is attached to the chordae tendinae to provide tension and support?
Papillary muscles
77
How many pumps are in the heart?
2
78
Which wall of the heart is the thickest?
Left ventricle due to pumping blood to the whole body, whereas the right is just to the lungs
79
What do valves in the heart do?
Prevent backflow of blood
80
What are the 2 kinds of valves?
Semi-lunar valves (SL) Atrioventricular valves (AV)
81
What are the two semi-lunar (SL) valves?
Aortic valve Pulmonary valve
82
What does SL stand up for?
Sem-lunar
83
What are the two atrio-ventricular (AV) valves?
Mitral valve Tricuspid valve

B2. Cardiovascular System (41 decks)

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