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B2. Cardiovascular System > Anatomy of the CVS 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the CVS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

A

Heart

Blood vessels

Lymphatics

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2
Q

What are the different kinds of blood vessels?

A

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

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3
Q

What is the heart?

A

Muscular pump

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4
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Distribute blood from the heart

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5
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Exchange nutrients

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6
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Collect and return blood to the heart

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7
Q

What is the function of lymphatics?

A

Collect and return blood to the heart

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8
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Middle mediastinum

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9
Q

Where are blood vessels located?

A

Everywhere apart from cartilage

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10
Q

Where are lymphatics located?

A

Everywhere apart from the brain and eyes

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11
Q

What are the different parts of the mediastinum?

A

Superior mediastinum

Inferior mediastinum

Anterior mediastinum

Posterior mediastinum

Middle mediastinum

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12
Q

Where is the superior mediastinum?

A

T4 to sternal angle and above, following, the first rib

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13
Q

Where is the inferior mediastinum?

A

Everywhere below the superior mediastimum (below the first rib)

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14
Q

Where is the anterior mediastinum?

A

In front of the heart

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15
Q

Where is the posterior mediastinum?

A

Behind the heart

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16
Q

What does the middle mediastinum contain?

A

The heart

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17
Q

What are the 2 main circulations of the cardiovascular system?

A

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

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18
Q

Where does pulmonary circulation go from?

A

Heart - lungs - heart

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19
Q

Where does systemic circulation go from?

A

Heart - body - heart

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20
Q

What additional circulations does the cardiovascular system contain?

A

Portal circulation

Lymphatic circulation

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21
Q

What is the most important portal circulation?

A

Hepatic portal circulation

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22
Q

What are portal systems?

A

Ones that begin in capillaries, narrows into a single channel (vein) and ends up in a different set of capillaries

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23
Q

What are the great vessels of the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

Aorta (ascending, arch, descending)

Pulmonary veins (2 left and 2 right)

Pulmonary trunk going into right and left pulmonary artery

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24
Q

What direction is the heart facing?

A

Directed towards the left

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25
Q

What are the consequences of the heart being directed towards the left?

A

Right side of the heart is facing anterior

Left side of the heart is facing posterior

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26
Q

What are the 3 parts of the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta

Aortic branch

Descending aorta

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27
Q

What does the ascending aorta supply?

A

Head and upper limbs

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28
Q

What does the descending aorta supply?

A

Abdomen and lower limbs

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29
Q

What vertebrae level is the aortic arch?

A

T4

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30
Q

What are the 3 vessels that the aortic arch braches into?

A

Bronchiocephalic artery (seperates into right common carotid and right subclavian artery)

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

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31
Q

What does the bronchiocephalic artery split into?

A

Right common carotid artery

Right subclavian artery

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32
Q

Which side of the aortic branch splits into the bronchiocephalic artery?

A

Right

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33
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

Lowest part

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34
Q

What is seen in the anterior view of the heart?

A

Right atrium

Right ventricle

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35
Q

What is seen in the posterior view of the heart?

A

Left atrium

Left ventricle

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36
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A

Opposite the apex (left atrium)

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37
Q

What chamber makes up the apex of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

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38
Q

What chamber makes the base of the heart?

A

Left atrium

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39
Q

Where does the apex of the heart lie?

A

Intecostal space 5 in the midclavicular line

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40
Q

What is A?

A

Right ventricle

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41
Q

What is B?

A

Right atrium

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42
Q

What is C?

A

Azygos vein

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43
Q

What is D?

A

Aorta

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44
Q

What is E?

A

Left atrium

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45
Q

What is F?

A

Right ventricle

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46
Q

What vertebrae does the heart lie between in recumbent position?

A

T5 and T8

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47
Q

What is the recumbent position?

A

Lying down

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48
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the apex?

A

5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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49
Q

Where is the base located?

A

Wholy posterior, lying in front of the oesophagus

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50
Q

How does the heart compare in children?

A

Higher in children

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51
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Heart faces the right instead of the left

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52
Q

What is it called when the heart faces the right instead of the left?

A

Dextrocardia

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53
Q

What happens to the vertabrae level of the heart when you stand up?

A

It changes

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54
Q

What is found anterior to the heart?

A

Sternum and costal cartilage 4-7

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55
Q

What is found posterior to the heart?

A

Oesophagus

Descending aorta

Thoracic vertebrae 5-8

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56
Q

What is found lateral to the heart?

A

Lungs

Phrenic nerves

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57
Q

What is found inferior to the heart?

A

Central tendon of diaphragm

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58
Q

What is the vertebrae level of the sternal angle?

A

T4

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59
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Endocardium

Myocardiam

Epicardium

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60
Q

What is found after the epicardial layer?

A

Pericardial cavity

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

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61
Q

What is A?

A

Endocardium

62
Q

What is B?

A

Myocardium

63
Q

What is C?

A

Pericardial cavity

64
Q

What is D?

A

Fibrous pericardium

65
Q

What is E?

A

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

66
Q

What is F?

A

Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)

67
Q

What is the epicardium also known as?

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

68
Q

What is the visercal layer of the serous pericardium also known as?

A

Epicardial cavity

69
Q

What is the endocardium composed of?

A

Epithelium (simple squamous)

Basement membrane

Some connective tissue

70
Q

What is the class of the epithelium of the endocardium?

A

Simple squamous

71
Q

What does the endocardium form?

72
Q

What layer forms valves?

A

Endocardium

73
Q

What is the myocardium composed of?

A

Cardiac muscle

Branching fibres

Striated muscles, lots of mitochondria, single central nucleus

Rich capillary bed

74
Q

What are characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated

Lots of mitochondria

Single central nucleus

75
Q

What are myocytes connected by?

A

Intercalcated disks

76
Q

What are myocytes?

A

Cell in cardiac muscle

77
Q

Why are cardiac muscle bundles in different planes?

A

To close down chamber lumen during contraction

78
Q

What is the epicardium composed of?

A

Connective tissue

Basement membrane

Epithelium

79
Q

What is the class of the epithelium of the epicardial?

A

Simple squamous

80
Q

What does the epicardium contain?

A

Main branches of coronary arteries

May be fatty

81
Q

Where are the main branches of the coronary arteries contained?

A

Epicardium

82
Q

What are the 4 heart chambers?

A

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

83
Q

What is direction of blood flow controlled by?

84
Q

What do valves do?

A

Control direction of blood flow

85
Q

What is A?

A

Superior vena cava

86
Q

What is B?

A

Inferior vena cava

87
Q

What is C?

A

Right atrium

88
Q

What is D?

A

Right ventricle

89
Q

What is E?

A

Left ventricle

90
Q

What is F?

A

Left atrium

91
Q

What is G?

A

Left pulmonary veins

92
Q

What is H?

A

Left pulmonary artery

93
Q

What is I?

94
Q

What is J?

A

Right pulmonary artery

95
Q

What is the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

96
Q

What is the left border of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

97
Q

What is the superior border?

A

Superior vena cava

Aorta

Pulmonary trunk

98
Q

What is the inferior border?

A

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

99
Q

How do valves work?

100
Q

What prevents valve failure?

A

Chordae tendineae

Papillary muscles

101
Q

What does the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles do?

A

Prevent valve failure (being turned inside out?

102
Q

What are clinical abnormalities of valves?

A

Incompetence (widening)

Stenosis (narrowing)

103
Q

What is incompetence of valves?

104
Q

What is widening of valves called?

A

Incompetence

105
Q

What is stenosis of valves?

106
Q

What is narrowing of valves called?

107
Q

What infection can affect valves?

A

Bacterial endocarditis

108
Q

What are the valves connected to so when the heart contracts it spirals and twists?

A

Fibrous skeleton

109
Q

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton?

A

When the heart contracts it spirals and twists

110
Q

What valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve (right antrioventricular valve)

111
Q

What valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?

A

Pulmonary valve

112
Q

What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve)

113
Q

What valve is between the left ventricle and aorta?

A

Aortic valve

114
Q

What is A?

A

Chordae tendinae

115
Q

What is B?

A

Papillary muscles

116
Q

What is the mitral valve also known as?

A

Bicuspid valve

117
Q

What are the 2 antrio-ventricular (AV) valves?

A

Tricuspid valve

Mitral valve

118
Q

What are the 2 semi-lunar (SL) valves?

A

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

119
Q

What valves have 3 cusps?

A

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

Tricuspid valve

120
Q

What valves have 2 cusps?

A

Mitral valve

121
Q

What is A?

A

Tricuspid valve

122
Q

What is B?

A

Pulmonary valve

123
Q

What is C?

A

Aortic valve

124
Q

What is D?

A

Mitral valve

125
Q

What is the fibrous cardiac skeleton composed of?

A

Dense connective tissue

126
Q

Where does the fibrous cardiac skeleton lie?

A

Plane between the atria and ventricles

127
Q

What is the function of the fibrous cardiac skeleton?

A

Structural support

Electrical insulation

128
Q

What does the fibrous cardiac skeleton provide support to?

A

Antrioventricular septum

Roots of the great vessels

Anchorage for valves

Myocytes/capillary network

129
Q

What does the fibrous cardiac skeleton provide electrical insulation to?

A

Atria from ventricles

Myocardium from great vessels

130
Q

What supplies the heart with blood?

A

Coronary arteries

131
Q

What are the 2 main coronary arteries?

A

Right and left

132
Q

When does the coronary arteries recieve blood?

A

During diastole

133
Q

Where are the coronary arteries located?

A

Epicardium

134
Q

Where does the coronary arteries get blood from?

A

Aorta (first branch of the aorta)

135
Q

What happens in relation to the coronary artery at systole and diastole?

A

At systole openings in aortic sinuses shielded by aortic valve cusps

At diastole elastic recoil of aorta closed aortic valve and blood enters coronary arteries

137
Q

What does blockage of the coronary arteries lead to?

A

Heart attack

138
Q

What is the heart held in place by?

A

The great vessels within the fibrous pericardium

139
Q

What are the attachments of the heart?

A

Central tendon of diaphragm

Sternum

Roots of great vessels

140
Q

What is the movement of the heart like within its attachments?

A

It is free to move

141
Q

Whats is the heart lined by?

A

Serous pericardium

142
Q

What is the serous pericardium made of?

A

Epithelium

143
Q

What is the serous pericardium composed of?

A

Visceral layer

Parietal layer

144
Q

Which layer of the serous pericardium is in contract with the heart?

A

Visceral layer

145
Q

What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium also known as?

A

Epicardium

146
Q

What layer of the serous pericardium is not in contact with the heart?

A

Parietal layer

147
Q

What is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium bound to?

A

Fibrous pericardium

148
Q

What does the continuous structure of the serous pericardium (visceral and parietal layers) allow?

A

Freedom of movement for the heart during the cardiac cycle

149
Q

What does the serous pericardium secrete?

A

Pericardial fluid

150
Q

What does pericardial fluid act as?

151
Q

What secretes pericardial fluid?

A

Serous pericardium

B2. Cardiovascular System (41 decks)

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