Anatomy of the CVS 2 Flashcards by Becca M

What is the CVS composed of?

Heart

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

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What does the heart act as?

Pump

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What do arteries do?

Distribute blood away from the heart

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What do veins do?

Collect and return blood to the heart

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What do capillaries do?

Exchange nutrients

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What does the structure of a blood vessel consist of?

Tunica externa

Tunica media

Tunica intima

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What is A?

Tunica externa

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What is B?

Tunica media

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What is C?

Tunica intima

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What is the structure of the heart wall composed of?

Endocardium

Myocardium

Epicardium

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How is the structure of the heart and blood vessels similar?

The heart is like an expanded, folded muscular blood vessel

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What is the tunica intima composed of?

Epithelium

Basement membrane

Connective tissue

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What is the tunica media composed of?

Muscle

Elastic tissue

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What is the tunica externa (adventitia) composed of?

Fibrous connective tissue

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What are some general differences between arteries and veins?

Arteries have a smaller diameter

Arteries have a thicker wall

Arteries thick media and thin adventitia

Veins thin media and thick adventitia

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How does the media and adventitia compare in arteries and veins?

Arteries have thick media and thin adventitia

Veins have thin media and thick adventitia

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What is A?

Arteries

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What is B?

Vein

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How does the individual diameter compare between arteries, arterioles and capillaries?

Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries

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How does the total cross sectional area compare between arteries, arterioles and capillaries?

Arteries < Arterioles < Capillaries

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How does the lumen size compare between:

Aorta
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Small veins
Medium veins
Large vains

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What are the different types of arteries?

Elastic (large conducting)

Muscular (distributing)

Arterioles (terminal branches)

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How would you describe elastic arteries?

Large conducting

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What are examples of elastic arteries?

Aorta

Common carotid

Pulmonary

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How would you describe muscular arteries?

Distributing arteries

What are examples of muscular arteries?

Coronary arteries Radial Femoral

What do elastic arteries act as?

Pressure reservoir

How do elastic arteries function?

Stretched during systole During diastole heart relaxes and pressure falls, artery recoilds therby maintaining pressure on the blood

What is the recoil and stretch ability of elastic arteries due to?

Presence of extensive amounts of elastic fibres in tunica media

What are elastic fibres of elastic arteries secreted by?

Smooth muscle

Where are the vast amounts of elastic fibres in elastic arteries found?

Tunica media

What is present in the histology of elastic arteries?

Elastic laminae

What is present in the thick tunica media of muscular arteries?

Smooth muscle cells

What is not present in the tunica media of muscular arteries that is present in elastic arteries?

Elastic laminae

Where are the elastic fibres in a muscular artery?

Concentrated in 2 well defined sheets called internal elastic lamina (IEL)

How do arterioles differ from other arteries?

No internal elastic lamina

How many layers of smooth muscle is present in the tunica media of arterioles?

1-2 layers

What layer is missing from arterioles?

Tunica adventitia

What do arterioles control?

Blood flow to capillary bed (local) Blood pressure (systemic)

What do arterioles have a rich innervation of?

Sympathetic nerves

What is the function of capillaries?

Main exchange site for nutrients and gases

What can you say about the walls of capillaries?

1 cell thick

What layers are capillaries missing?

No tunica media or tunica adventitia

What helps to direct blood flow in capillaries?

Pericytes

What are pericytes?

Incomplete layer of cells surrounding basement membrane which have contractile properties to help control flow of blood in capillaries

How is blood pressure in capillaries low?

Sum of diameters of all capillaries in the body is greater than the diameter of the aorta

What are the 3 kinds of capillaries?

How do continuous capillaries control gas exchange?

Material must pass through cell or between cells (junctions can control) Selective transport mechanisms

What is present on fenestrated capillaries?

Fenestrations (pores) With or without protein diaphragms

What do protein diaphragms do?

Filter molecules by molecular weight and/or charge

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Endocrine glands Kidney renal corpuscle

What is unique about discontinuous capillaries?

Gap between endothelial cells (and basement membrane) allowing free passage of fluid and cells

Where are discontinuous capillaries found?

Liver Spleen Bone marrow

What are sinusoids?

Large diameter discontinuous capillaries

Where are sinusoids found?

Where large amounts of exchange take place

What does the tunica intima of sinusoid capillaries contain?

Phagocytic cells

Where are sinusoid capillaries found?

Liver Some endocrine glands

What can be used to bypass capillary beds?

Arteriovenous (AV) shunt

Where are AV shunts found?

Skin for thermoregulation

Where does blood flow go after the capillary bed?

Small venule \> small-medium sized vein \> large vein

What are the different layers of a vein like?

Tunica intima is thin Internal elastic lamina (IEL) is thin or absent Tunica media is very thin or absent Tunica adventitia is collagenous tissue

What are valves?

Endothelial projections into the lumen to prevent backflow

What are endothelial projections into the lumen to prevent backflow called?

Valves

What are the differences between superficial and deep veins?

Superficial veins are thick walled and have no surrounding support Deep veins are thin walled and surrounding support from deep fascia and muscles

What does the lymphatic system do?

Drains tissue fluid lost from blood capillaries

Where does the lymphatic system drain into?

Systemic venous system

Where are nodes of the lymphatic system found?

Alongside major veins and around origins of major arteries

What directs the flow in the lymphatic system?

Valves

Are fenestrations present in lymph capillaries?

Describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries?

Lined by very thin endothelial No fenestrations Absent/rudimentary basal lamina

What keeps the lumen of lymph vessels open?

Maintained at negative hydrostatic pressure Anchoring filaments, fine collagenous filaments link endothelial cell to surrounding tissue to keep lumen open

What supplies blood to a blood vessel?

Vasa vasorum

Where are the lymphatics of a blood vessel?

Tunica adventitia