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Others: Anat Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises malphigian corpuscles

A

Glomerulus + bowman’s capsule
Aka renal corpuscles

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2
Q

Location of thyroid gland

A

BELOW thyroid cartilage
AT THE LEVEL of cricoid cartilage
C4/C5

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3
Q

Adrenal cortex zones and what they primarily secrete

A

Zona glomerulosa (aldosterone -mineralocorticoids)

Zona fasiculata (cortisol -glucocorticoids)

Zona reticularis (androgens)

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4
Q

Drainage thru the superior vena cava

A

Hemiazygos vein, lumbar vein -> 1. azygos vein
2. Brachiocephalic veins

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5
Q

Drainage thru the inferior vena cava

A

Common iliac (External + internal)
Hepatic vein (hepatic portal vein: superior and inferior mesenteric + splenic vein)

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6
Q

Celiac artery consists of

A

Left gastric artery (stomach+ lower esophagus)
Common hepatic a (stomach, duodenum, liver)
Splenic a (spleen)

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7
Q

Major supply to the lower limbs

A

Femoral artery (external iliac)

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8
Q

Supplies the pelvic contents, bladder, lower rectum, uterus, vagina, prostate, penis, vas deferens

A

Internal iliac artery

Gonadal artery supplies ovaries and testes

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9
Q

Nasolacrimal duct opens into??

A

Inferior meatus

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10
Q

Location of hiatus semilunaris

A

Middle meatus

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11
Q

Level at which pharynx becomes the esophagus

A

C6
Pharynx extends to the LOWER border of cricoid cartilage

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12
Q

Muscular coat of pharynx

A

Superior, middle inferior constrictors (X)
Stylopharyngeus (IX) palatopharyngeus (X), salphingopharyngeus (X)

Pharyngeal plexus: IX X XI

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13
Q

Innervation of laryngeal muscles

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (X) “arytenoids”
Except CRICOTHYROID (superior laryngeal nerve)

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14
Q

Abducts vocal cords

A

Posterior cricoarytenoids -recurrent L.N (X)

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15
Q

Adducts vocal cords

A

Oblique and transverse arytenoids -recurrent L.N (X)

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16
Q

Increases pitch

A

Cricothyroid -superior L.N (X)
Tenses and elongates

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17
Q

Decreases pitch

A

Thyroarytenoid - recurrent (X)
Shortens vocal cords and reduces tension

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18
Q

Wear and tear pigment

A

Lipofuscin -prominent in old or aging tissues

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19
Q

Lining of loop of Henle

A

Simple squamous

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20
Q

Lining of thyroid follicle walls

A

Simple Cuboidal

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21
Q

Lining of ducts of glands

A

Simple cuboidal

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22
Q

Lining of the gallbladder and intestinal epithelium

A

Nonciliated simple columnar

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23
Q

Linings of female reproductive tract

A

Ciliated simple columnar

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24
Q

Lining of oral mucosa

A

Stratified squamous

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25
Q

Lining of esophagus and vaginal linings

A

Stratified squamous

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26
Q

Lining of Wall of sweat gland duct

A

Stratified cuboidal

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27
Q

Lining: Ducts of large glands/parotid gland

A

Stratified columnar

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28
Q

Lining of upper respiratory tract

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

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29
Q

Lining of parotid and pituitary gland

A

Glandular

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30
Q

Where can you find Wharton’s jelly

A

Umbilical cord; jelly like ground substance

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31
Q

What do mast cells release

A

Heparin and histamine like basophils

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32
Q

Location of SA node

A

Crista terminalis

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33
Q

Location of hyoid bone

A

C3

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34
Q

Meninges from inner to outer

A

Pia, arachnoid, dura mater

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35
Q

Greater splanchnic nerve para/sympathetic? From what spinal nerves

A

Both. Sympathetic to abdominal viscera
Parasympathetic to pelvic
All splanchnic nerves are sympathtic. May para lang for pelvic ang greater

*Greater splanchnic nerve: T5-T9
*Lesser splanchnic nerve: T10-T11
*Least splanchnic nerve: T12
*LUMBAR: L1-L3

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36
Q

Portal system

A

Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric (often drains into splenic)
Splenic vein
Has no valves!!

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37
Q

Surveillance cell of the pulp (connective tissue)

A

Histiocytes
-tissue macrophage

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38
Q

Macrophage in granuloma (ex. TB)

A

Epitheloid cells and langhans giant cells

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39
Q

Prevents transmission of pathogens from mother to fetus

A

Hofbauer cells (found in placenta)

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40
Q

macrophage in the liver?
macrophage in the CNS?

A

kupffer
microglia

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41
Q

macrophage in the pulmonary alveoli of lungs?
macrophage of lymph nodes?

A

dust cells/alveolar macrophage (heart-failure cells)
sinus histiocytes

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42
Q

antigen presenting cell of spleen

A

dendritic cells. not only spleen pati lymph nodes

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43
Q

location of primary absorption of iron

A

duodenum

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44
Q

lymphatic ducts carry lymph at the?

A

junction of IJV and subclavian vein

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45
Q

Layer of epidermis: cells are undergoing apoptosis

A

S. Granulosum

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46
Q

Layer of epidermis: most numerous layer of keratinocytes

A

S. Corneum

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47
Q

Layer of epidermis: only found in thick skin

A

S. Lucidum

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48
Q

Layer of epidermis: cessation of Tonofilament production; assembly of keratin

A

S. Granulosum

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49
Q

other name for maxillary sinus

A

antrum of highmore

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50
Q

meckel’s cartilage is the framework of?

A

mandible

main body transforms into malleus and incus

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51
Q

Pharyngeal arch and cartilage of stapes

A

2nd, reichert’s cartilage

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52
Q

activates vitamin D

A

kidney

produced by skin, converted into inactive by liver, activated by kidney

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53
Q

reflex center for visual activities

A

midbrain

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54
Q

respiratory centers in the brain

A

medulla
pons

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55
Q

Lining of the respiratory system from nasal cavity to alveoli

A

Nasal cavity - respiratory epi
Nasopharynx - respi (40%), nasopharyngeal epi (60%)
Oropharynx - nasopharyngeal epi
Larynx - respi epi
Trachea - respi epi
Bronchi - respi epi
Bronchioles - ciliated cuboidal epi w/ clara cells
Alveoli - simple squamous

*Respi: pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells
Nasopha: startified squamous

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56
Q

Part of respiratory tract without cartilage? Without goblet cells?

A

Without cartilage - bronchioles
Without goblet cells - terminal bronchioles

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57
Q

Predominant cell in alveoli

A

Type I pneumocyte - squamous
-cannot multiply
-gas exchange

*Type II pneumocyte (cuboidal) is supporting. Decreases surface tension, can multiply and replace type I

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58
Q

Site for coniotomy or emergency tracheotomy?

A

Aka as cricothyrotomy

Cricothyroid ligament

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59
Q

Boundaries of isthmus of the fauces

A

Anterior pillar - palatoglossus (X)
Posterior pillar - palatopharyngeus (X)

*Contains the palatine tonsils

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60
Q

Cells of the stomach, what it secretes and its function?

A

1. Mucous neck cells - mucous (alkaline to protect from acid)
2. Parietal or oxyntic cells
2.1 gastric acid (HCl) - digestion, activate pepsinogen
2.2 intrinsic factor -regulate absorption of vit b12 in the ileum
2.3 gastroferrin - iron absorption in duodenum
3. G cells - gastrin- produce gastric acid by stimulating parietal cells
4. Chief cells - pepsinogen

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61
Q

Funnel like opening of nasal cavity into the nasopharynx

A

Choanae

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62
Q

bone that contributes to neurocranium AND facial skeleton

A

ethmoid and sphenoid

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63
Q

Glands in the intestines, location and function

A

Brunner’s gland (duodenum) - secretes alkaline mucus
Goblet cells (small and large intestines) - mucous
Crypts of Liberkuhn/intestinal gland (small intestines) - contain enteroendocrine cells

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64
Q

divides the liver into anatomic right and left lobe

A

falciform ligament

*ligament teres - remnant of umbilical vein

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65
Q

Specialized non encapsulated tonsils found in the submucosal ileum

A

Peyer’s patches

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66
Q

Preferred site for vit B12 absorption? Iron?

A

Iron - duodenun
B12 - ileum;
remember gastric parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor

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67
Q

Plicae circulares is majorly found in the??

A

Jejunum

P.c. aka valves of Kerckring

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68
Q

Where can you find crypts of Liberkuhn? contains what?

A

Small intestines
Intestinal gland /tubular gland
Contains paneth cells (secrete antibacterial enzyme) and endoendocrine cells

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69
Q

Can be found in the submucosa of duodenum

A

brunner’s gland - maintain alkalinity

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70
Q

Where can you find cholesterol stones? (Choledocholithiasis)

A

Gall bladder, cystic duct

*Remember gallbladder does not have submucosa but with rugae

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71
Q

Ampulla of vater is? Found in?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Wirsung + common bile duct
Found in pancreas exits to duodenum

*Sphincter of Oddi
*Duodenal papilla

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72
Q

Part of large intestine without taenia coli (3 bands of longitudinal muscle)

A

Rectum

Parts: cecum, colon, rectum

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73
Q

What divides the liver into anatomic right and left lobes?
It attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall.

A

Falciform ligament

*coronary ligament attaches it to the diaphragm

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74
Q

What is the ligamentum teres?

A

Found within the falciform ligament and it was the fetal umbilical vein

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75
Q

Differentiate greater omentum and lesser omentum

A

Greater: greater curvature of stomach + transverse colon (gastrocolic ligament)

lesser: lesser curvature of stomach, duodenum, liver

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76
Q

Cells found on the surface of tonsils that trap microbes

A

M cells

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77
Q

Differentiate serosa and adventitia

A

Serosa - intraperitoneal, epithelium
Adventitia - retroperitoneal, connective tissue

**Mucosa (inner), submucosa, muscularis, adventitia/serosa

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78
Q

What is the space of disse? Location?

A

aka perisinusoidal space
Space between hepatic sinusoids (capillary with pores) and hepatocytes.
in the space, stellate cells can be found

*Liver

79
Q

Pancreatic enzymes produced by acinar cells

A
  1. Pancreatic lipase - breaks down fat
  2. Amylase - starch
  3. Trypsinogen/Tripsin - protein
80
Q

How is bile produced?

A

RBC dies
Hemoglobin
Heme + globin
Porphyrin (red) + iron
Biliverdin (green)
Unconjugated bilirubin (yellow-green)
LIVER
conjugated bilirubin (can be stored gallbladder as part of bile)
Duodenum *intestinal bacteria
CB
Unconjugated B
Urobilinogen -> urobilin (yellow) in kidneys
Stercobilin (brown) -> large intestines

81
Q

Enteroendocrine cells secretion

A

G cells - gastrin
I cells - CKK
Enterochromaffin cells - serotonin (intestinal motility) and histamine (gastric acid secretion)
S cells - secretin
K cells - GIP

K, SIGE!

82
Q

Pacemaker of stomach

A

Interstitial cells of cajal (enteric nervous system)

83
Q

Pathway of sperm

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules of testis (spermatogenesis)
  2. Epididymis (maturation of sperm)
  3. Vas deferens (from testis to urethra)
  4. Ejaculatory duct (vas def + seminal vesicle)
  5. Urethra (urine and sperm)
  6. Penis
84
Q

Forms blood testis barrier? Blood brain barrier? Blood csf barrier?

A

Sertoli cells (gives nutrients to spermatogonium)

Astrocytes

Ependymal cells (produces csf)

85
Q

Responsible for wrinkled appearance of scrotum

A

Dartos muscle
*Scrotum is fibromuscular -dartos muscle and -cremaster (cremasteric reflex -regulates temp of testis)

86
Q

Muscle for erection and ejaculation

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

87
Q

Muscle that ejects urine from bladder

A

Detrussor muscle

88
Q

Counterpart of cowper’s gland in females

A

Bartholin’s gland -moistens the female reproductive organ

*bartholin’s gland is also known as bulbourethral gland w/c is responsible for pre-ejaculation

89
Q

CT capsule that surrounds the testes

A

Tunica albuginea

90
Q

Glands of the male reproductive organ

A

Prostate gland (PSA, acid phosphatase)
Seminal vesicle (semen)
Cowper’s gland / bulbourethral glands (pre-ejaculation)

91
Q

Erectile tissues

A

Corpus cavernosum - side
Corpus spongiosum - front (keep urethra open)

92
Q

Differentiate prostatic, membranous, spongy/penile urethra

A

P - widest, most dilatable
m - shortest, least dilatable
S - longest, narrowest, where Cowper’s gland open into

93
Q

Where is the main gland of prostate gland located?

A

Peripheral zone

Center zone is periurethral gland
Prostatic secretion makes up 25% of semen

94
Q

Mammary gland is what type of gland?

A

Compound tubuloalveolar gland

95
Q

Where is ovum fertilized?

A

Ampulla of fallopian tube

Parts of fallopian tube:
1. Fimbrae
2. Infundibulum
3. Ampulla
4. Isthmus

*Egg is only viable for 24 hrs

96
Q

Surrounds alveoli; contracts to expel milk

A

Myoepithelial cells

Lactiferous ducts - excretory duct that emerge in the nipples

97
Q

Ligament that supports breast

A

Suspensory ligament / Cooper’s ligament

Broad ligament and stroma supports ovaries

98
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium - smooth muscle (responds to oxytocin)
Endometrium - site of implantation (responds to progesterone and estrogen)

99
Q

Macrophage of kidney

A

Mesangial cells

100
Q

Pathway of filtration in a nephron

A

Afferent BV
(Thru podocytes)
Glomerulus
PCT
Loop of henle
DCT
Collecting ducts

Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis

101
Q

Lining of kidney

A

Renal tubules- Simple cuboidal epithelium
Bowman’s capsule- simple squamous

102
Q

Filtering unit of the glomerulus

A

Podocytes (RBC cannot pass)

Nephron is the filtering unit of the kidney

103
Q

Vessels adjacent to renal tubules

A

Vasa recta

104
Q

2/3 of filtrate are reabsorbed here

A

PCT via active transport and facilitated diffusion (aquaporins)

105
Q

Renal tubule with counter current mechanism

A

Loop of henle
1. Descending segment = concentrating segment, semi-permeable (water out)
2. Ascending segment = diluting segment, not permeable (Na, Cl, K goes out via ion pumps)

106
Q

Explain tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Macula densa in DCT detects NaCl concentration.
High = afferent arterioles to constrict,
Low = aa to dilate and juxtaglomerular cells to release renin –> aldosterone (reuptake Na, inc BP)

107
Q

Urinary bladder epithelium

A

Transitional epithelium
Relaxed: cuboidal
Stretched: squamous

108
Q

organelle used by wbc to move across endothelium

A

pseudopods

109
Q

organelle used by wbc to move across endothelium

A

pseudopods

110
Q

phenomenon through which blood borne antigens are attracted and fixed to areas of inflammation?

A

anachoresis

111
Q

explain humoral immunity

A

mediated primarily by b cells

antigen is engulfed by APC (B cells) — presents the digested antigen (MHC2) — T-helper/CD4 recognizes MHC2 and binds — CD4 releases cytokines to alarms other WBCs and activates B-lymphocytes — B cells transforms to memory B cell and plasma cell which will produce antibodies

Ag-Ab complex will activate complement system
— c3b binds ti Fc receptor of antibody (opsonization) — destruction of antigen by phagocytosis or enzymes *some can resist — Membrane attack complex (C5b, c6, c7, c8, c9)

112
Q

explain cell-mediated immunity

A

mediated by t cells
prevent spread at a cellular level

infected/cancer cell presents antigen (MHC1) — CD4 binds — Cd8 activation — cd8 binds to cell with mhc1 — cell is destroyed

113
Q

mediator of the different hypersensitivity types

A

type 1 Allergic = IgE
type 2 Cytotoxic hyper = IgM/IgG
type 3 Immune complex hypersensitivity = antigen and antibody complex accumulation
type 4 Delayed = immune cells (T-cells)

114
Q

differentiate the 3 cell types according to regenerative property

A

labile - multiplies throughout life, short life
stable cell - multiplies when damaged
permanent cell - cannot multiply

115
Q

types of cellular degeneration

A
  1. cloud swelling
  2. hydropic or vacuolar
  3. fatty degeneration
  4. hyaline degeneration
  5. necrosis
116
Q

hyaline accumulation in glomerulus resulting to sclerosis and associated with diabetes (2 names)

A

diabetic glomerulosclerosis / Kimmel Stiel-Wilson syndrome

117
Q

types of necrosis

A
  1. coagulation necrosis (architecture is preserved, proteins are denatured)(all tissues: heart>brain)
  2. liquefaction necrosis (brain)
  3. caseous necrosis (pulmonary tb) - cheese like
  4. gummatous necrosis (tertiary syphilis) - gumma or soft granulomatous growth
  5. gangrenous (diabetic patients) - loss of blood supply
  6. fat necrosis (breast ca, pancreas) - fat-calcium complexes accumulation
118
Q

accumulation of iron in the macrophage

A

hemosiderin (golden brown or rust)
heart-failure cells

119
Q

bluish line in marginal gingiva

A

Burton’s line due to lead poisoning (Plumbism)

silver poisoning is Argyria

120
Q

extrachromosomal dna within a cell that is separated from its chromosomal dna?

A

plasmid

binary fission is the cell division of bacteria

121
Q

types of bacterial recombination

A
  1. conjugation - sex pili , must be F factor positive
  2. transformation - engulfing DNA left by dead bacteria
  3. transduction - uses bacteriophage or bacterial virus to transfer plasmids
122
Q

differentiate bacterial cell walls

A

composed of glycoproteins. gram positive have thick peptidoglycans (murein) layer. gram negative has thin peptidoglycan layer and has outermembrane containing endotoxins (LPS)
acid fast cell wall has MYCOLIC ACID

123
Q

bacterial staining

A

gram staining (VIAS)
acid fast staining (CAM) -heat mordant for ziehl nieelssen and tegritol mordant for kinyoun

124
Q

polysaccharide synthesized from sucrose by bacteria (strep etc) -major component of dental plaque

A

dextrans and levans (sticky sugar)

125
Q

function of plasmin?

A

fibrinolysis / blood clot dissolution

126
Q

differentiate alpha hemolytic, beta hemolytic and gamma-hemolytic STREP

A

alpha - uses hydrogen peroxide to lyse cells INcompletely
beta - uses streptolysin to lyse cells COMPLETELY
gamma - does not hemolyse RBC

127
Q

virulence factors of staphylococcal

A

protein A -prevent complement action
coagulase -activates prothrombin to thrombin
staphylokinase -activates plasminogen to plasmin
hyaluronidase -breaksdown hyaluronic acid

128
Q

common virulence factors of streptococcal

A

streptokinase -plasminogen to plasmin
pneumolysin -s. pneumoniae
M protein -antigen of group A beta hemolytics

129
Q

Part of cranial bone where optic canal is found

A

Sphenoid. Between lesser and greater wing

*Greater wing (SOF, IOF, ro2ndum, ovale, spinosum) forms the roof of infratemporal fossa and floor of middle cranial fossa

130
Q

Roof of sella turcica

A

Diaphragma sellae

*Sella turcica houses pituitary gland, thus, D.S. covers the gland

131
Q

Forms left optic tract

A

Left lateral process + right optic nerve

132
Q

Function of tegmentum tympani

A

Bony plate forming the roof of tympanic cavity. Separates the subarachnoid space (csf) and tympanic cavity

133
Q

DNA replication enzymes

A
  1. EnDoNucleAse (cleaves DNA segment)
  2. Helicase (unzips dna)
  3. TOpoisomerase / DNA gyrase (prevent excessiveTOrsion)
  4. DNA primase (RNA primer – leading and lagging strand)
  5. DNA polymerase (chain elongation, base pairs)
  6. DNA ligase (bridge gaps in OKAZAKI fragments)
134
Q

Marks upper limit of true pelvis

A

Iliopectineal line

135
Q

Special sensory receptors

A

Hair cells (organ of corti for sound)
Taste buds
Olfactory neuroepith (schneiderian membrane)
Cones and rods (retina)

136
Q

Distinctive whorls of degenerative ng epithelial cells in the medulla of thymus

A

Hassall’s corpuscle

137
Q

Depolarization wave moves from one node of ranvier to the next

A

Saltatory conduction

*Unmyelinated = orthrodromic/continuous conduction

138
Q

When a nerve or muscle does not respond to any stimulus regardless of its strength and frequency

A

Absolute refractory period

139
Q

Part of eye where no cones or rods are present (blindspot)

A

Optic disc

140
Q

Drainage of aqueous humor

A

Canal of schlemm

*Aqueous humor- anterior part of eye
*Vitreous humor- posterior part

141
Q

1st stool of a baby

A

Meconium

142
Q

Red stool is aka as?
Black stool?

A

Red - hematochezia
Black - melena

143
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Arthus reaction?

A

Type III - serum sickness, glomerulonephritis, SLE

*Horse serum is injected to the skin of rabbit

144
Q

carcinogen in smoked or burned food

A

benzo-a-pyrenes

145
Q

carcinogen in smoked or burned food

A

benzo-a-pyrenes

146
Q

function of liver in drug metabolism

A
  1. lipid soluble to water soluble
  2. active drugs to inactive form
  3. prodrugs to active form
147
Q

Amount of blood pumped by heart per minute

A

Cardiac output

Stroke volume x heart rate
70ml x 70 bpm = 4900ml/min or 5L/min

Can be 4-7L/min

148
Q

Factors affecting cardiac output

A
  1. ⬆️Contractility = ⬆️stroke volume
  2. ⬆️Preload = ⬆️stretch = ⬆️force of contraction = ⬆️ stroke volume
    *Frank starling law
  3. ⬆️Afterload = ⬇️stroke volume
149
Q

shunt that allows oxygen to bypass the liver

A

ductus venosus (fetal) which carries oxygenated blood, it becomes the ligamentum venosus

150
Q

small blood vessels supplying larger blood vessels

A

vasa vasorum

151
Q

vessels with the greatest cross-sectional area

A

capillaries (aorta has the smallest cross-sectional area)

152
Q

blood flow is fastest in what blood vessel

A

aorta (smaller cross sectional area = faster blood flow)

153
Q

peripheral vascular resistance is greatest in?

A

arterioles (have high blood pressure; veins have low PVR = highly compliant = stetching property of veins because of thin muscular layer)

*vascular resistance is the resistance of the blood vessel wall against blood pressure

154
Q

Types of nuclear changes during apoptosis

A

Pyknosis - nucleus shrinks and chromatin condenses
Karyorrehexis - fragmentation of the nucleus and chromatin disintegrates
Karyolysis - nucleus dissolutiob

155
Q

Axoneme

A

9+2 pattern ot 9+0 pattern arrangemrnt of microtubules present in cilia, flagella, tail of sperms

156
Q

Longest phase of cellular division

A

Interphase (g1 - cell grows, S - dna replication and rna synthesis, g2 - prepare for mitotis and double organelle)

G0 - no more division

157
Q

Phenomenon wherein homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis

A

Synapsis (prophase 1)

158
Q

Sharing of DNA of two homologous chromosomes

A

generic recombination or
Crossing-over
Chiastmata formation

(Prophase 1)
no synapsis and recombination sa prophase 2 ha!

159
Q

Holds the chromosomes during cellular division

A

Centrosome - contains pair of centrioles made of microtubules arranged in cartwheel pattern

160
Q

Most important buffer in the blood plasma

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Phospate also acts as a buffer

161
Q

Other term for Macula adherens

A

Spot weld like*
Desmosomes - attaches same cells
Ex. Epidermis and cardiac muscles

(*For hemidesmosomes, different cells - junctional epith and tooth surface etc)

162
Q

Forms a bridge that allows ion diffusion between cells

A

Gap junction

163
Q

Differentiate tight junctions and adherens junctions

A

Zona occludens (TJ) prevents leaking of substance
Zona adherens (AJ) prevents separation of epithelial cells during intestinal contraction

164
Q

Primary buffer in kidney

A

Ammonia

165
Q

Three openings of diaphragm

A

C 8 phrenic (caval)
E 10 vagus (esophageal)
A 12 azygos and thoracic duct (aortic)

166
Q

Divides pelvis into having greater and lesser sciatic notches

A

Ischial spine

Ileum - most superior, 4 spines
Ischeum - most posterior and inferior, one spine
Pubis - most anterior

167
Q

Levator ani muscles

A

Iliococcygeus muscle
Pubococcygeus muscle
Puborectalis muscle

168
Q

Responsible for the elasticity of muscles

A

Titin (largest protein)

169
Q

Major excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

170
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Gamma amino butyric acid

171
Q

Location of apex heart beat

A

5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line

172
Q

What is the starling’s law of the heart?

A

The more the cardiac muscle fibers are stretched, the more forcefully they contract

173
Q

Substances that influence blood pressure

A

Nitric oxide (endothelium) - vasodilation
Antidiuretic hormone (supraoptic nuclei -water retention - inc blood volume -inc BP
Epi and norepi (adrenal medulla) -inc heart rate, vasoconstriction
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
-excrete water and Na

174
Q

Anchors the vocal cords

A

Arytenoid carilages

175
Q

Supports the posterior of the tracheal wall

A

Trachealis muscle

176
Q

Pores between alveoli present in some alveolar walls

A

Pores of Kohn

177
Q

complement protein for chemotaxis of wbc

A

c5a

178
Q

complement protein for activation of wbc

A

c3a
c4a
c5a

179
Q

complement protein for membrane attack complex

A

c5bc6c7c8c9

boltes five

180
Q

Location and Effect of alpha 1 receptor

A

Vasoconstriction (inc BP)
Decrease blood flow to salivary glands, mucosal membranes, kidneys, and abdominal viscera (decrease function and secretions)
Pupillary dilation (mydriasis)
Closing of sphincters of stomach and urinary bladder
Increased sweating (on palms and soles)

181
Q

Alpha 2 receptors location and effect

A

Vasodilation (dec BP)
Beta cells dec insulin secretion
Dec pancreatic acinar cells digestive secretions
Platelet plug formation

182
Q

Effect of Beta 1 receptors

A

Inc force of contraction and heart rate
Renin secretion
ADH secretion
Breakdown of triglycerides

183
Q

Effect of beta 2 receptors

A

Bronchodilation
Vasodilation (BV in heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver)
Glycogenolysis (hepatocytes)

184
Q

Effect of beta 3 receptor

A

Thermogenesis (brown adipose tissue)

185
Q

Principal site of protein digestion?

A

Stomach (pepsin)

186
Q

Mediate hyperventilation upon detecting increased arterial PCO2

A

Medullary chemoreceptors

187
Q

demarcates the occipital lobe

A

calcarine fissure

188
Q

connects the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

vermis

189
Q

separates the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

190
Q

Protective reflex that provides blood flow to the CNS system in response to the increase in intracranial pressure (ex. Due to intracranial hemorrhage)

A

Cushing’s reflex or vasopressor response

Triad: hypertension, bradycardia, irregular breathing

*Systolic hypertension –> increase pulse pressure

191
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 reaction

A

Carbonic anhydrase

192
Q

Complement system proteins that are also known as Anaphylatoxins

A

C3a
C5a (chemotaxis)

193
Q

Anterior tooth most likely to have a bifurcated root

A

Permanent mandibular canine

194
Q

Elastic fibers seen in PDL and gingival fibers

A

Oxytalan - pdl
Elaunin - gingival fibers
Elastic - to regulate blood flow

, .supercram (16 decks)

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