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, .supercram > commdent > Flashcards

commdent Flashcards

1
Q

case studies vs case series

A

case studies - describes unusual case
case series - describes recurring unusual cases
cross-sectional studies - prevalence study or point study - cases are obsereved only at a point in time

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2
Q

prevalence vs incidence

A

prevalence - prevailing cases
incidence - new cases

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3
Q

comparative study between groups with disease and groups without disease

A

case-control studies

odds ratio - simply an association; what are the odds of having on condition

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4
Q

comparative study between groups wothout disease but with exposure variables and groups without disease and without exposure variables

A

cohort studies
risk ratio (RR) - how many acquires the disease

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5
Q

levels of prevention

A

prevention concepts and health/disease continuum by Leavell and Clark

Primary - prevent disease initiation
secondary - prevent disease progression and recurrentce
tertiary - prevention of loss of function

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6
Q

uses population-level data to examine the relationship between exposure rates and disease rates (levels of exposure)

A

Ecological study

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7
Q

provides a picture of the health status of a population at one point in time

A

cross sectional study or prevalence studies

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8
Q

compares the exposure histories of participants with and without a particular disease

A

case control study - identifies risk factors

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9
Q

follows participants over time to identify risk factors, uses incidence data

A

cohort study - can be retrospective or prospective

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10
Q

gold standard for assessing causality

A

experimental
Randomized control trials - some participants are randomly assigned to an intervention group and given an intervention; can be unblinded, single-blinded, double-blinded, or triple-blinded

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11
Q

an analysis of previous researches or publications on a specific topic

A

meta analysis / systematic review - offers new interpretations based on conclusions

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12
Q

used to gain insignt on participants attitudes, behaviours, concerns, motivations,

A

qualitative study - uses interviews, surveys, group discussions etc

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13
Q

entire group of individuals or items

A

population or universe

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14
Q

group where representative information is desired and to whom inferences will be made

A

target population

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15
Q

representative group to be tested/included in the research

A

sampling population

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16
Q

object or person observed or on which a measurement is taken

A

elementary unit

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17
Q

non-overlapping collection of elements or elementary units

A

sampling unit

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18
Q

list showing all the sampling units

A

sampling frame

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19
Q

probability of being selected as part of a sample is difficult to determine

A

non-probability sampling
purposive or judgment sampling
accidental or haphazard - who ever is available
quota sampling - until quota is reached
snowball - used for hidden populations or when gathering sensitive info (uses referral system)

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20
Q

non-zero chance for a participant to be included in the sample

A

probability sampling
simple random sampling - equal chance, fishbowl
systematic sampling - with sampling interval
stratified random sampling - divided into strata then simple random sampling is done per strata
cluster sampling - divided into clusters and every sample in the cluster becomes sampling units
multi-stage sampling - divided into groups and subgroups until desired stage

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21
Q

graph that compares data between two categories

A

bar graph

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22
Q

graph that shows trends over time/shows pattern

A

line graph

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23
Q

shows breakdown of a limited number of categories

A

pie chart

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24
Q

graph that compares how a whole is made up of components for two or more groups

A

component bar diagram

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25
Q

graph: frequency distribution of continuous variable

A

histogram (numerical, no gaps unlike bar graph)

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26
Q

graph that shows relationship between two quantifiable variables

A

scatter diagram

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27
Q

branches of statistics

A

descriptive stat - summarize and present data
inferential stat - concerned with making estimates, predictions, generalizations, conclusions

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28
Q

tendency of a measurable characteristic to change

A

variability

*statistics is needed to interpret variability or variation

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29
Q

the cause or the predictor; determines the value of the dependent variable

A

independent variable

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30
Q

effect or outcome; affected by the independed variable

A

dependent variabl

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31
Q

other variables that may affect the dependent var. but are not of importance to the researcher

A

confounding or control variable

*must be controlled for more reliable results

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32
Q

in between the dependent and independednt variable in the causal pathway

A

Intermediate variable – confounding variable caused by independent variable

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33
Q

levels of measurements of variables

A

CATEGORICAL
A. nominal
B. ordinal
CONTINUOUS
A. Interval - No true zero (temp in celcius)
B. ratio - can gave a value of zero (temp in Kelvin, money)

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34
Q

describes a set of data by identifying a central position within that set of data

A

measures of central tendency
mean - ave of all values
median - middle value when data are arranged
mode - most frequently occuring data
midrange - highest and lowest values divided by 2

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35
Q

spread of data points around the central value; helps understand the distribution of data

A

Measures of variation or Dispersion
1. range - difference bet max value and min value
2. variance - average squared deviation from the mean of the given data set
3. standard deviation - square root of the variance
4. coefficient of variation - ratio of the standard deviation to the mean

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36
Q

characteristics of a normal distribution curve or bell curve

A

mean median mode are equal
curve is symmetricak
follows 68-95-99.7

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37
Q

stat test for cause-effect relationships

A

regression test

38
Q

stat test that uses population parameters and is used to validate if teh sample is the same with the population

A

Z-test (if the sample mean is the same as population mean)

39
Q

stat test used to compare the means of two samples; used when the population parameters and standard deviation are unkown

A

T-test

40
Q

stat test used to compare categorical variables

A

chi square test

41
Q

stat test used to compare three or more samples

A

ANOVA analysis of variance

42
Q

study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people; studies the distribution of diseases

A

epidemiology

43
Q

frequency measure that expresses a relation in size between two random quantities that do not need to be related

A

ratio

risk ratio (risk in exposed group: risk in unexposed group)

44
Q

part of a whole, usually expressed as percentage

A

proportion

the first quantity (numerator) is a part of the second quantity (denominator)
ex. no of teeth with caries/number of teeth present

45
Q

measures the occurrence of some particular event (development of disease or the occurrence of death) in a population during a given time period

A

rate

46
Q

these are actual observed rates for a population

A

crude rates (ex. birth and death rates)

47
Q

actual observed rates due to specific causes or occurring in specific groups or during specific time periods

A

specific rates

48
Q

adjusted rates for better comparision with other population or groups

A

standardized rates

49
Q

crude birth rate

A

number of live births per 1000 population over a period of time

50
Q

crude fertility rate

A

number of live births / number of women aged 15-44 per 1000 population over a period of time

51
Q

killing power of a disease; deaths due to a disease / cases

A

case fatality rate (time interval is NOT specified)

52
Q

occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time

A

epidemic or outbreak

53
Q

constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group

A

endemic

54
Q

epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a large proportion of the population

A

pandemic

55
Q

means scattered about; cases occur irregularly, haphazardly from time to time and generally infrequently

A

sporadic

56
Q

measures of disease frequency (2)

A
  1. prevalence - nubmer of existing cases in a population (point prevalence vs period prevalence) cross-sectional
  2. incidence rate - number of new cases during a specified period of time (new cases/persons at risk-time) cohort
57
Q

index that measures the presence or absence of condition

A

simple index

58
Q

index that is only a representative part or sample is measured

A

simplified index

59
Q

index that measures all the evidence of a condition

A

cumulative index

60
Q

detects the condition when it is present; true positives? it is used for?

A

Sensitivity
used for screening

61
Q

does not detect the condition when it is absent; true negative? it is used for?

A

specificity
used for final diagnosis

62
Q

measures presence or absence of supragingival plaque on the tooth (per surface) after application of disclosing solution; Simple and full-mouth index?

A

plaque control record/PCR (O’ Leary et al)

63
Q

measures presence or absence of interproximal surfaces after disclosing solution?

A

Approximal Plaque Index/API

facial aspect on one side, oral aspect on the other side

64
Q

measures thickness of plaque on the gingival margin/ gingival third of the tooth; no disclosing solution needed

A

plaque index (Sillness and Loe)

65
Q

measures severity of inflammation on six representative teeth; simplified index

A

gingival index (Sillness and Loe) SILLy PI/Gi

usual index teeth: 16, 12, 24, 36, 32, 44

66
Q

measures the presence or absence of inflammation on all teeth on all surfaces

A

bleeding on probing
high specificity!

67
Q

measures the presence or absence of inflammation on the interdental papillae of teeth

A

Papilla bleeding index

Saxer and Muhlemann
PILA sa S.M

68
Q

measures the amount of debris and calculus on full erupted permanent teeth

A

Oral hygiene index
Vermillion and Green

Very Good ang OHI

69
Q

same as OHI but only representative index teeth are measured

A

Simplified Oral hygiene (OHI-S)
index teeth are 16, 26, 36, 46, 11, 31

70
Q

formulated the DMFT/dmft caries index

A

Klein and Palmer
Kadiri Pangit ng DMFT

71
Q

represents the past and present caries experience of a patient;

A

DMFT/dmft (Klein and Palmer) - an irreversible, cumulative index

72
Q

caries index for primary teeth but does not take into consideration missing teeth

A

deft (decayed, for extraction, filled teeth) by Gruebell

Grabe bunot agad

73
Q

ICDAS meaning

A

International Caries Detection and Assessment System
0 - sound
1 - first visual change
2 - distinct visual change
3 - localized enamel breakdown due to caries with no visible dentin
4 - underlying dark shadow from dentin
5 - distinct cavity with visible dentin
6 - extensive distinct cavity with dentin

74
Q

measures attack rate of caries on exposed root surfaces

A

root caries index (by Katz) = Ukat = ugat hehe

only teeth with gingival recessions are examined

75
Q

test for caries susceptibility
test for acid produced by bacteria

A

snyder test
uses saliva

76
Q

CPITN meaning

A

Communitiy Periodontal Index OF Treatment Needs
-developed by WHO and FDI
-divides the dentition into sextants and the teeth are probed
-each sextant is given a rating based on the pocket depth and presence of subgingival calculus and then given a recommended treatment
-uses special probe (WHO probe)

77
Q

codes for CPITN

A

4 : >= 6mm (black band not visible)
3 : >=4-5mm gingival margin within black band
2 : calculus, all black band visible
1 : bleeding observed after probing
0 : healthy

78
Q

measures the severity of mottled enamel on the two most affected teeth

A

Dean’s index (Trendley Dean)
mottled enamel - fluorosis

79
Q

fluoride inhibits what regulatory bacterial enzyme

A

glucosyltranferase (in low concentration)
in high concentrations: directly toxic to some bacteria

80
Q

one of the most important public health meaasures in the 20th century

A

water fluoridation

81
Q

optimal concentration of communal water fluoridation

A

1ppm (0.7-1.2ppm)

82
Q

school water fluoridation should be ____ higher than community

A

4.5 times

83
Q

tooth surface that benefits the most from fluoridation

A

proximal surface

84
Q

topical application of concentrated fluoride on the dentition

A

fluoridization - primary preventive agent during adolescence (along with sealants)

gel or powder (tray)
varnish (painted on)

85
Q

most popular topical fluoride; can be used in trays that stay inside the child’s mouth for 4 minutes or as a varnish (conc and pH?)

A

APF (acidulated phosphate fluoride)
1.23%
pH - 3.2

86
Q

most commonly used in fluoride mouth rinses; best used if there are porcelain, GI, or composite resto (other solutions can remove the glaze or polish) (conc and pH?)

A

2% NaF (sodium fluoride)
pH 9.2

87
Q

fluoride that is know for brown staining (conc and pH?)

A

8% SnF2 (Stannous fluoride)
2.1 - 2.3

88
Q

dietary fluoride supplement schedule by ADA

A

0-6 mo
6mo - 3 yo
3-6yo
6-16yo
>16yo
<0.3ppm
0.3-0.6ppm
>0.6ppm
0.25mg, 0.5mg, 1mg

Rule of 6: greater than 0.6ppm, less than 6 mo, older than 16 = no need for supplemental

89
Q

fluoride level of drinking water of areas where fluorosis is endemic

A

more than 3ppm

90
Q

toxic dose for fluoride

A

kids: 5mg/kg
adults: 32 - 64mg/kg (4-5kg lethal dose)
Symptoms: n/v , diarrhea, abdominal cramping

91
Q

fluoride toxicity treatment

A

syrup of ipecac - induce vomiting
milk of magnesia - decrease acidity of stomach (decrease the absorption of fluoride)

, .supercram (16 decks)

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