commdent Flashcards
case studies vs case series
case studies - describes unusual case
case series - describes recurring unusual cases
cross-sectional studies - prevalence study or point study - cases are obsereved only at a point in time
prevalence vs incidence
prevalence - prevailing cases
incidence - new cases
comparative study between groups with disease and groups without disease
case-control studies
odds ratio - simply an association; what are the odds of having on condition
comparative study between groups wothout disease but with exposure variables and groups without disease and without exposure variables
cohort studies
risk ratio (RR) - how many acquires the disease
levels of prevention
prevention concepts and health/disease continuum by Leavell and Clark
Primary - prevent disease initiation
secondary - prevent disease progression and recurrentce
tertiary - prevention of loss of function
uses population-level data to examine the relationship between exposure rates and disease rates (levels of exposure)
Ecological study
provides a picture of the health status of a population at one point in time
cross sectional study or prevalence studies
compares the exposure histories of participants with and without a particular disease
case control study - identifies risk factors
follows participants over time to identify risk factors, uses incidence data
cohort study - can be retrospective or prospective
gold standard for assessing causality
experimental
Randomized control trials - some participants are randomly assigned to an intervention group and given an intervention; can be unblinded, single-blinded, double-blinded, or triple-blinded
an analysis of previous researches or publications on a specific topic
meta analysis / systematic review - offers new interpretations based on conclusions
used to gain insignt on participants attitudes, behaviours, concerns, motivations,
qualitative study - uses interviews, surveys, group discussions etc
entire group of individuals or items
population or universe
group where representative information is desired and to whom inferences will be made
target population
representative group to be tested/included in the research
sampling population
object or person observed or on which a measurement is taken
elementary unit
non-overlapping collection of elements or elementary units
sampling unit
list showing all the sampling units
sampling frame
probability of being selected as part of a sample is difficult to determine
non-probability sampling
purposive or judgment sampling
accidental or haphazard - who ever is available
quota sampling - until quota is reached
snowball - used for hidden populations or when gathering sensitive info (uses referral system)
non-zero chance for a participant to be included in the sample
probability sampling
simple random sampling - equal chance, fishbowl
systematic sampling - with sampling interval
stratified random sampling - divided into strata then simple random sampling is done per strata
cluster sampling - divided into clusters and every sample in the cluster becomes sampling units
multi-stage sampling - divided into groups and subgroups until desired stage
graph that compares data between two categories
bar graph
graph that shows trends over time/shows pattern
line graph
shows breakdown of a limited number of categories
pie chart
graph that compares how a whole is made up of components for two or more groups
component bar diagram
graph: frequency distribution of continuous variable
histogram (numerical, no gaps unlike bar graph)
graph that shows relationship between two quantifiable variables
scatter diagram
branches of statistics
descriptive stat - summarize and present data
inferential stat - concerned with making estimates, predictions, generalizations, conclusions
tendency of a measurable characteristic to change
variability
*statistics is needed to interpret variability or variation
the cause or the predictor; determines the value of the dependent variable
independent variable
effect or outcome; affected by the independed variable
dependent variabl
other variables that may affect the dependent var. but are not of importance to the researcher
confounding or control variable
*must be controlled for more reliable results
in between the dependent and independednt variable in the causal pathway
Intermediate variable – confounding variable caused by independent variable
levels of measurements of variables
CATEGORICAL
A. nominal
B. ordinal
CONTINUOUS
A. Interval - No true zero (temp in celcius)
B. ratio - can gave a value of zero (temp in Kelvin, money)
describes a set of data by identifying a central position within that set of data
measures of central tendency
mean - ave of all values
median - middle value when data are arranged
mode - most frequently occuring data
midrange - highest and lowest values divided by 2
spread of data points around the central value; helps understand the distribution of data
Measures of variation or Dispersion
1. range - difference bet max value and min value
2. variance - average squared deviation from the mean of the given data set
3. standard deviation - square root of the variance
4. coefficient of variation - ratio of the standard deviation to the mean
characteristics of a normal distribution curve or bell curve
mean median mode are equal
curve is symmetricak
follows 68-95-99.7
stat test for cause-effect relationships
regression test
stat test that uses population parameters and is used to validate if teh sample is the same with the population
Z-test (if the sample mean is the same as population mean)
stat test used to compare the means of two samples; used when the population parameters and standard deviation are unkown
T-test
stat test used to compare categorical variables
chi square test
stat test used to compare three or more samples
ANOVA analysis of variance
study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people; studies the distribution of diseases
epidemiology
frequency measure that expresses a relation in size between two random quantities that do not need to be related
ratio
risk ratio (risk in exposed group: risk in unexposed group)
part of a whole, usually expressed as percentage
proportion
the first quantity (numerator) is a part of the second quantity (denominator)
ex. no of teeth with caries/number of teeth present
measures the occurrence of some particular event (development of disease or the occurrence of death) in a population during a given time period
rate
these are actual observed rates for a population
crude rates (ex. birth and death rates)
actual observed rates due to specific causes or occurring in specific groups or during specific time periods
specific rates
adjusted rates for better comparision with other population or groups
standardized rates
crude birth rate
number of live births per 1000 population over a period of time
crude fertility rate
number of live births / number of women aged 15-44 per 1000 population over a period of time
killing power of a disease; deaths due to a disease / cases
case fatality rate (time interval is NOT specified)
occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time
epidemic or outbreak
constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group
endemic
epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a large proportion of the population
pandemic
means scattered about; cases occur irregularly, haphazardly from time to time and generally infrequently
sporadic
measures of disease frequency (2)
- prevalence - nubmer of existing cases in a population (point prevalence vs period prevalence) cross-sectional
- incidence rate - number of new cases during a specified period of time (new cases/persons at risk-time) cohort
index that measures the presence or absence of condition
simple index
index that is only a representative part or sample is measured
simplified index
index that measures all the evidence of a condition
cumulative index
detects the condition when it is present; true positives? it is used for?
Sensitivity
used for screening
does not detect the condition when it is absent; true negative? it is used for?
specificity
used for final diagnosis
measures presence or absence of supragingival plaque on the tooth (per surface) after application of disclosing solution; Simple and full-mouth index?
plaque control record/PCR (O’ Leary et al)
measures presence or absence of interproximal surfaces after disclosing solution?
Approximal Plaque Index/API
facial aspect on one side, oral aspect on the other side
measures thickness of plaque on the gingival margin/ gingival third of the tooth; no disclosing solution needed
plaque index (Sillness and Loe)
measures severity of inflammation on six representative teeth; simplified index
gingival index (Sillness and Loe) SILLy PI/Gi
usual index teeth: 16, 12, 24, 36, 32, 44
measures the presence or absence of inflammation on all teeth on all surfaces
bleeding on probing
high specificity!
measures the presence or absence of inflammation on the interdental papillae of teeth
Papilla bleeding index
Saxer and Muhlemann
PILA sa S.M
measures the amount of debris and calculus on full erupted permanent teeth
Oral hygiene index
Vermillion and Green
Very Good ang OHI
same as OHI but only representative index teeth are measured
Simplified Oral hygiene (OHI-S)
index teeth are 16, 26, 36, 46, 11, 31
formulated the DMFT/dmft caries index
Klein and Palmer
Kadiri Pangit ng DMFT
represents the past and present caries experience of a patient;
DMFT/dmft (Klein and Palmer) - an irreversible, cumulative index
caries index for primary teeth but does not take into consideration missing teeth
deft (decayed, for extraction, filled teeth) by Gruebell
Grabe bunot agad
ICDAS meaning
International Caries Detection and Assessment System
0 - sound
1 - first visual change
2 - distinct visual change
3 - localized enamel breakdown due to caries with no visible dentin
4 - underlying dark shadow from dentin
5 - distinct cavity with visible dentin
6 - extensive distinct cavity with dentin
measures attack rate of caries on exposed root surfaces
root caries index (by Katz) = Ukat = ugat hehe
only teeth with gingival recessions are examined
test for caries susceptibility
test for acid produced by bacteria
snyder test
uses saliva
CPITN meaning
Communitiy Periodontal Index OF Treatment Needs
-developed by WHO and FDI
-divides the dentition into sextants and the teeth are probed
-each sextant is given a rating based on the pocket depth and presence of subgingival calculus and then given a recommended treatment
-uses special probe (WHO probe)
codes for CPITN
4 : >= 6mm (black band not visible)
3 : >=4-5mm gingival margin within black band
2 : calculus, all black band visible
1 : bleeding observed after probing
0 : healthy
measures the severity of mottled enamel on the two most affected teeth
Dean’s index (Trendley Dean)
mottled enamel - fluorosis
fluoride inhibits what regulatory bacterial enzyme
glucosyltranferase (in low concentration)
in high concentrations: directly toxic to some bacteria
one of the most important public health meaasures in the 20th century
water fluoridation
optimal concentration of communal water fluoridation
1ppm (0.7-1.2ppm)
school water fluoridation should be ____ higher than community
4.5 times
tooth surface that benefits the most from fluoridation
proximal surface
topical application of concentrated fluoride on the dentition
fluoridization - primary preventive agent during adolescence (along with sealants)
gel or powder (tray)
varnish (painted on)
most popular topical fluoride; can be used in trays that stay inside the child’s mouth for 4 minutes or as a varnish (conc and pH?)
APF (acidulated phosphate fluoride)
1.23%
pH - 3.2
most commonly used in fluoride mouth rinses; best used if there are porcelain, GI, or composite resto (other solutions can remove the glaze or polish) (conc and pH?)
2% NaF (sodium fluoride)
pH 9.2
fluoride that is know for brown staining (conc and pH?)
8% SnF2 (Stannous fluoride)
2.1 - 2.3
dietary fluoride supplement schedule by ADA
0-6 mo
6mo - 3 yo
3-6yo
6-16yo
>16yo
<0.3ppm
0.3-0.6ppm
>0.6ppm
0.25mg, 0.5mg, 1mg
Rule of 6: greater than 0.6ppm, less than 6 mo, older than 16 = no need for supplemental
fluoride level of drinking water of areas where fluorosis is endemic
more than 3ppm
toxic dose for fluoride
kids: 5mg/kg
adults: 32 - 64mg/kg (4-5kg lethal dose)
Symptoms: n/v , diarrhea, abdominal cramping
fluoride toxicity treatment
syrup of ipecac - induce vomiting
milk of magnesia - decrease acidity of stomach (decrease the absorption of fluoride)
