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Parasitology Lab > OTHER SIGNIFICANT BLOOD PARASITES > Flashcards

OTHER SIGNIFICANT BLOOD PARASITES Flashcards

1
Q

African
trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness) parasites

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei brucei,
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
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2
Q

African
trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness) vector

A

Glossina spp.
(Tsetse fly)

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3
Q

Chagas disease and American
trypanosomiasis parasite

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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4
Q

Chagas disease and American
trypanosomiasis vector

A

Triatoma
(“kissing”) bugs

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5
Q

Leishmaniasis parasite

A

Leishmania spp.

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6
Q

Leishmaniasis vector

A

Phlebotomine
sand flies

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7
Q

Malaria parasite

A

Plasmodium spp.

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8
Q

Malaria vector

A

Anopheles
mosquitoes

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9
Q

Babesiosis parasite

A

Babesia spp.

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10
Q

Babesiosis vector

A

Ticks

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11
Q

4 morphological forms of Hemoflagellates

A
  • Amastigote
  • Promastigote
  • Epimastigote
  • Trypomastigote
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12
Q

non-flagellated
oval form

4 morphological forms of Hemoflagellates

A

Amastigote

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13
Q

Flagellated stage found
in the vector, rarely seen
in the blood

4 morphological forms of Hemoflagellates

A

Promastigote

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13
Q

Long, slender
flagellated form
Found in arthropod
vectors

4 morphological forms of Hemoflagellates

A

Epimastigote

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14
Q

has undulating membrane running the length of the
body Found in the vector
and bloodstream of human

4 morphological forms of Hemoflagellates

A

Trypomastigote

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15
Q

All morphological forms of Hemoflagellates are found in ________
infections

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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16
Q

morphological forms of Hemoflagellates seen in Trypanosoma brucei infections

A

epimastigote and trypomastigote

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17
Q

morphological forms of Hemoflagellates seen
in Leishmania infections

A

amastigote and promastigote

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18
Q

morphological forms of Hemoflagellates in Diagnostic Stages (found in humans)

A

amastigote and or trypomastigote

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19
Q

How does Trypanosoma multiply

A

binary fission

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20
Q

Where can you find Trypanosoma

A

blood

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21
Q

Diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of blood,CSF, lymph node aspirate, chancre aspirate, microhematocrit centrifugation, serologic testing

A

Trypanosoma

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22
Q

Trypanosomiasis occurs mainly in

A

Africa and South
America

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23
Q

T. brucei causes _____________

A

African trypanosomiasis or african sleeping
sickness

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24
Q

Infection of Trypanosoma brucei
affects the:

A
  • lymphatic system
  • CNS
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25
Q

Cause swollen lymph nodes at the posterior base of the neck

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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26
Q

Subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei

A
  • gambiense
  • rhodesiense
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27
Q

Subspecies gambiense and rhodesiense are named according to their _________

A

geographic location

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28
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi causes ____________

A

Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis

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29
Q

Characterized by lesion formation, conjunctivitis, edema of the face and legs, and heart muscle involvement leading to myocarditis

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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30
Q

“African Sleeping Sickness”
Transmission

A
  • via vector: bite from the Tse tse fly (Glossina spp.)
  • Mother to child infection
  • Blood transfusion
  • Sexual contact
  • Mechanical transmission – blood sucking insects
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31
Q

Primary reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A

Animals (wild and domestic)

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32
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Illness

A

Acute (early CNS invasion), <9 mos

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33
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense level of Lymphadenopathy

A

minimal

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34
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Parasitemia level

A

High

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35
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Epidemiology

A

Anthropozoonosis

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36
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Diagnostic stage

A

Trypomastigote

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37
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Recommended specimens

A
  • Chancre aspirate
  • lymph node aspirate
  • blood
  • CSF
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38
Q

Areas of high endemicity are:
Western Africa
Northeastern Africa
Ethiopia (endemicity unknown)
Central Africa
Democratic Republic of the Congo (epidemics)
United Republic of Tanzania
Uganda
Rwanda (endemicity unknown)
Southern Africa Angola (epidemics) Namibia
(unknown) Mozambique

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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39
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Vector

A

Tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans group

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40
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Vector

A

Tsetse fly, Glossina palpalis group

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41
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Primary reservoirs

A

Humans

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42
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Lymphadenopathy level

A

Prominent

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42
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Illness

A

Chronic (late CNS invasion), months to years

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43
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Parasitemia

A

Low

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44
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Epidemiology

A

Anthroponosis, rural populations

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45
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Diagnostic stage

A

Trypomastigote

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46
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Recommended specimens

A
  • Chancre aspirate
  • lymph node aspirate
  • blood
  • CSF
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47
Q

Areas of high endemicity:
Western Africa
Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Northeastern Africa
Chad, Sudan (epidemics), Central Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo (epidemics)
United Republic of Tanzania
Rwanda (endemicity unknown)
Cameroon, Central African Republic Congo, Southern Africa, Angola (epidemics)
Namibia (unknown)

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

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48
Q

African Trypanosomiasis Initial lesion

A

local, painful, pruritic, erythematous

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49
Q

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

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50
Q

Most patients do not notice this stage

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

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51
Q

Small papule - local inflammation

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

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52
Q

Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage) occurs when trypomastigotes enter the hemolymphatic system to
undergo _______________

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

asexual reproduction

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53
Q

Fever

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

54
Q

Headache

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

55
Q

Joint pain

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

56
Q

Malaise

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

57
Q

Winter bottom’s sign

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

58
Q

Sleeping sickness

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

59
Q

Neurologic symptoms

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

60
Q

Nocturnal

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

60
Q

Personality changes, headaches, and withdrawal from the
environment

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

61
Q

Insomnia

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

62
Q

Daytime lethargy

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

63
Q

Secondary infections = pneumonia

Stages of African Trypanosomiasis

A

Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

64
Q

Treatment for Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

A
  • Pentamidine
  • Suramin
65
Q

How many Pentamidine injections for T.b gambiense infection

A

7-10

66
Q

Pentamidine Side effects:

A
  • hypotension and shock
  • pancreatic, renal, or hepatic dysfunction
  • BM suppression
66
Q

Multiple doses on varying days

Treatment for Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

A

Suramin

67
Q

For T.b. rhodesiense infection

Treatment for Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

A

Suramin

68
Q

Suramin Side effects:

A
  • Renal impairment
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • BM suppression
68
Q

for T.b gambiense infection

Treatment for Stage 1: Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

A

Pentamidine

69
Q

Treatment for Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

A
  • Melarsoprol
  • Eflornithine
  • Nifurtimox
70
Q

Effective for both hemolymphatic and neural stages

Treatment for Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

A

Melarsoprol

71
Q

Slow intravenous infusion

Treatment for Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

A

Melarsoprol

72
Q

IV infusion for 2 weeks for every 6 hrs

Treatment for Stage 2: Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

A

Eflornithine

73
Q

Melarsoprol side effect

A

encephalopathy

74
Q

how will you know if African Trypanosomiasis is in second stage?

A

if cns is involved

75
Q

First line drugs for early stage of west african Trypanosomiasis

A

Pentamidine

75
Q

First line drugs for CNS involvement stage of west african Trypanosomiasis

A

Eflornithine

76
Q

First line drugs for early stage of east african Trypanosomiasis

A

Suramin

77
Q

Alternative drugs for early stage of west african Trypanosomiasis

A

Suramin, eflornithine

77
Q

First line drugs for CNS involvement stage of east african Trypanosomiasis

A

Melarsoprol

78
Q

Alternative line drugs for CNS involvement stage of west african Trypanosomiasis

A

Melarsoprol,1
eflornithine-nifurtimox1

79
Q

Alternative drugs for early stage of east african Trypanosomiasis

A

Pentamidine

80
Q

Prevention for African Trypanosomiasis

A
  • Control in the reservoir like livestock
  • Remove scrub
  • Education
  • Public awareness
  • Hygiene
81
Q

Diagnosis are:
* Demonstration of trypomastigote in chancre, lymph node aspirate, CSF
* Thick and thin blood smear (Giemsa)
* Buffy coat concentration
* Lymph node aspirates
* ELISA
* IFA
* Indirect hemagglutination
* Mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique
* Card agglutination test for trypanosmiasis (CATT)
* Card indirect agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CIATT)
* PCR

A

African Trypanosomiasis

82
Q

Chagas Disease or South American trypanosomiasis

A

American Trypanosomiasis

82
Q

Transmission of American Trypanosomiasis

A
  • Mediated via vectors = Kissing Bugs
  • Ingestion of food contaminated with parasites
  • Blood transfusions
  • Fetal transfusion
  • T. cruzi = by Carlos Chagas
83
Q

American Trypanosomiasis Trypomastigotes location

A

bloodstream

84
Q

American Trypanosomiasis Amastigotes location

A

tissue cells

85
Q

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A
  • Acute phase
  • Intermediate Phase
  • Chronic Phase
86
Q

1 week after infection

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A

Acute phase

87
Q

Fever, lymph node enlargement,
unilateral swelling of eyelids

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A

Acute phase

88
Q

Damaged muscle cells and edema

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A

Acute phase

89
Q

Asymptomatic

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A

Intermediate Phase

90
Q

Cardiac manifestation

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A

Chronic Phase

91
Q

Arrhythmia, cardiac failure, thromboembolism, atrioventricular
fibrillation, ventricular hypertrophy

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A

Chronic Phase

92
Q

Gastrointestinal manifestation

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A

Chronic Phase

93
Q

Lesions in the intestinal organs

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A

Chronic Phase

94
Q

Difficulty in swallowing, regurgitations, constipations, fecal
compacting

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A

Chronic Phase

95
Q

Diagnosis:
* Wet smear – blood, CSF = examination for motile
trypomastigote
* Thick and Thin Smear (Stain = Giemsa)
* CSF, tissue samples, lymph examination
* Concentration methods
* Blood culture
* PCR
* Xenodiagnosis

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A

Acute phase

96
Q

Leishmaniasis
Divided into:

A
  • Old World
  • New World
96
Q

Diagnosis:
* Serological testing
* IFAT
* CATT
* ELISA
* IHA

Phases of American Trypanosomiasis Pathogenesis

A

Chronic Phase

97
Q

L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. major

Division

Leishmaniasis

A

Old World

98
Q

Most common in the Middle East. PKDL is seen in India and East Africa (Kenya and the Sudan)

A

Old World

99
Q

L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L.
guyanensis, L. braziliensis, L. chagasi

A

New World

100
Q

Found in the Americas from southern Texas to
northern Argentina.

A

New World

101
Q

Agent of Leishmaniasis (old world)

A

Phlebotomus sp.

102
Q

Agent of Leishmaniasis (New world)

A

Lutzomyia

103
Q

Obligate intracellular parasite

A

Leishmaniasis

104
Q

Primarily a zoonotic disease

A

Leishmaniasis

104
Q

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A
  1. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)
  2. Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)
  3. Diffuse or disseminated CL (DCL)
  4. Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)
105
Q

The most common form of leishmaniasis

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)

105
Q

Usually with one or more painless ulcers

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)

106
Q

Freq caused aused by L. major and L. tropica in the Old World and L. braziliensis,
L. mexicana, and related species in the New World.

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)

107
Q

Usually occurs months or years after healing of primary CL, most commonly due to L. braziliensis.

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A

Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)

108
Q

It can cause destruction of the nasal septum, palate, and other mucosal structures, leading to devastating facial mutilation and, rarely, death from airway
involvement.

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A

Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)

108
Q

Lesions confused with lepromatous leprosy

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A

Diffuse or disseminated CL (DCL)

109
Q

The nodules are often described as soft and fleshy, while those of leprosy are
generally more indurated.

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A

Diffuse or disseminated CL (DCL)

110
Q

Can lead to anemia, bleeding and infections with other microorganisms

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A

Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)

110
Q

A febrile illness with weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and
decreases in the production of blood cells

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A

Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)

111
Q

It is usually caused by L. donovani and L. infantum

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A

Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)

112
Q

Characterized by progressive fever, weight loss, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly,
hypergammaglobulinemia, and pancytopenia.

4 categories of Leishmaniasis

A

Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)

113
Q

Leishmania donovani is the agent of:

A
  • Agent of visceral fever
  • Dum-dum fever
  • Donovani Kala-azar fever (VL)
114
Q

Leishmania tropica is the agent of:

A

cutaneous oriental sore

114
Q

Leishmania braziliensis is the agent of

A
  • mucocutaneous lesion/mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
  • Espundia
  • Chiclero ulcer
  • Taper nose
115
Q

cartilage of the nose

A

Espundia

115
Q

pina of the ear

A

Chiclero ulcer

116
Q

American mucocutaneous lesion

A

Taper nose

117
Q

Specimens for diagnosis of Leishmaniasis

A
  • Tissue biopsy
  • skin
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
118
Q

Diagnosis:
Stained smears
* Culture (NNN medium; Schneider’s medium)
* Montenegro skin test - Intradermal Testing
* Animal inoculation (hamster)
* Formol gel test
* TPAG
* Flow cytometry
* PCR
* Serological test = CFT, IFAT, ELISA
* Other Immunologic assays:
* rk39 Ag test (for VL)
* Direct agglutination
* Urine Ag test

A

Leishmaniasis

119
Q

Treatment for Leishmaniasis

A
  • Amphotericin B
  • Pentamidine
  • Nifurtimox
120
Q

Antimony compounds for Leishmaniasis

A

IM or IV for up to 4 weeks; primary treatment

121
Q

Epidemiology for Leishmaniasis

A
  • Primarily a disease of poverty
  • VL is an important opportunistic infection in AIDS
122
Q

Early diagnosis and effective treatment
Vector control:
Use of insect repellant
ITNs
Fine-mesh bed nets
Screens and sprays in houses
Effective disease surveillance
Control of animal reservoir hosts
Social mobilization and strengthening partnerships

A

Leishmaniasis

Parasitology Lab (7 decks)

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