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Parasitology Lab > DIAGNOSTIC PARASITOLOGY > Flashcards

DIAGNOSTIC PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Liquefy 5 g of phenol crystals with a small amount of distilled water, using a warm water bath at 95 celcius. Dissolve 1 g of basic fuchsin in the liquefied phenol. Add 10 ml of 95% ethanol and mix. Add 100 ml of distilled water. Filter and store in a dark flask, well labelled. The solution is ready for use.

Common Reagents and Preparations

A

Carbol Fuchsin

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2
Q

50 mL formaldehyde + 950 mL distilled water or saline (recommended for all-purpose use and for preservation of protozoan cyst).

Common Reagents and Preparations

A

Formalin 5%

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3
Q

100 mL formaldehyde + 950 mL distilled water or saline (recommended for helminth eggs and larvae)

Common Reagents and Preparations

A

Formalin 10%

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3
Q

2 g potassium iodide (KI) + 1.5 g powdered iodine crystals (add after KI dissolves) + 100 mL distilled water. Store in a brown, glass-stoppered bottle at room temperature and in the dark; the expiration date is 1 year. The solution is ready to use. For routine use, put 20 mL in a brown dropper bottle for 10-14 days.

Common Reagents and Preparations

A

Lugol’s solution

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4
Q

Sodium acetate 1.5 g + acetic acid, glacial 2.0 mL + formalin 4 mL + distilled water 92.0 mL

Common Reagents and Preparations

A

SAF (sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin fixative):

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5
Q

simplest and easiest technique to facilitate detection
of intestinal parasites that infected subjects pass in
their feces

A

DIRECT FECAL SMEAR

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6
Q

In Direct Fecal Smear, presence of _____________ or _________ can be observed directly with a light microscope

A

intestinal protozoa (trophozoites or cysts)
or helminth eggs

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7
Q

In Direct Fecal Smear, small amount of fresh feces is mixed with either ___________ or __________.

A
  • saline
  • lugol/iodine solution
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8
Q

small amount of fresh feces is mixed with _________ (to detect the protozoa motility)

A

saline

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9
Q

small amount of fresh feces is mixed with _________ (to reveal the parasite structure).

A

lugol/iodine solution

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10
Q

What can you see in a Iodine Preparation

A

cysts of protozoa

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10
Q

What can you see in a Saline Preparation

A
  • motile trophozoites and larvae
  • red blood cells
  • Leukocytes
  • Charcot–Leyden crystals
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11
Q

Types of preparation

A
  • Saline Preparation
  • Iodine Preparation
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12
Q

When examining diarrheic or liquid feces containing mucus, both preparations should be
applied to the _________ of the stools.

A

mucous part

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13
Q
  1. Place 1 drop of saline on the ______ of the slide and 1drop of Lugol’s iodine solution on the _______ of the
    slide

PROCEDURE FOR DFS

A
  • left side
  • right side
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14
Q
  1. Take about ____ of faecal specimen (the amount picked up on the end of an applicator stick) and thoroughly emulsify the stool in the _________

PROCEDURE FOR DFS

A
  • 2 mg
  • drop of saline
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15
Q
  1. Place a coverslip on each suspension touching the edge of the drop, then gently lower the coverslip onto the slide so that no _________ are produced

PROCEDURE FOR DFS

A

air bubbles

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16
Q
  1. Examine with a ___________.

PROCEDURE FOR DFS

A

microscope

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17
Q

Recommended for monitoring large-scale treatment
programmes implemented for the control of soiltransmitted helminth infections because of its simple format and ease of use in the field.

A

Kato-Katz Technique

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18
Q

Manner of Reporting in Kato-Katz Technique

A

Eggs per gram stool (epg)

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18
Q

Quantify eggs and establishes burden of intestinal infection

A

Kato-Katz Technique

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19
Q

Kato-Katz Technique Materials and reagents

A
  1. Wooden applicator sticks
  2. screen
  3. Template
  4. Spatula
  5. Microscope slide
  6. Hydrophillic cellophane
  7. Flat-bottom jar with lid, forceps and toilet paper
  8. Newspaper
  9. Glycerol-malachite green
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20
Q

A hole of 9 mm on a 1 mm thick template will deliver about how many mg of faeces?

Kato-Katz Technique

A

50 mg

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21
Q

A hole of 6 mm on a 1.5 mm thick template will deliver about how many mg of faeces?

Kato-Katz Technique

A

41.7 mg

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22
Q

A hole of 6.5 mm on a 0.5 mm thick template will deliver about how many mg of faeces?

Kato-Katz Technique

A

20 mg

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23
Q

Size of the hydrophilic cellopane for kato-katz

Kato-Katz Technique

A

40-50 um thick
25 x 30 or 35 mm

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24
Q

In preparation of Glycerol-malachite green, 1 mL of ______________ is added to 100 ml of __________ and 100 mL of ___________ and mix well.

Kato-Katz Technique

A
  • 3% aqueous malachite green
  • glycerol
  • distilled water
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25
Q
  1. Prepare all the necessary materials:

Kato-Katz Technique Step by Step Procedure

A
  • template
  • nylon screen
  • slide
  • wooden stick
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26
Q
  1. Place a small amount of the fecal sample on a ____________ and press a piece of nylon screen on top. Using a _________, scrape the sieved fecal material from the screen.

Kato-Katz Technique Step by Step Procedure

A
  • newspaper
  • spatula
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27
Q
  1. Label a glass slide with the ________ and place a template with hole on the center of a microscope slide. Fill the hole in the template with the sired fecal material, avoiding air bubbles and levelling the feces off to remove any excess material.

Kato-Katz Technique Step by Step Procedure

A

sample number

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28
Q
  1. Carefully lift off the template and place it in a bucket of water mixed with _____________ and ____________ so that it can be reused.

Kato-Katz Technique Step by Step Procedure

A
  • concentrated detergent
  • disinfectant
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29
Q
  1. Place one piece of cellophane, which has been soaked overnight in __________, over the fecal sample

Kato-Katz Technique Step by Step Procedure

A

glycerol solution

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30
Q
  1. Invert the microscope slide and firmly press the sample against the __________ on another microscope slide or on a smooth hard surface to spread the feces in a circle

Kato-Katz Technique Step by Step Procedure

A

cellophane strip

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31
Q
  1. Carefully pick up the slide again by gently sliding it sideways to avoid separating the cellophane strip or lifting it off. Place the slide on the bench with the cellophane ________. Water evaporates while ________ clears the feces. When clarified it should be possible to read newspaper print through the stool smear

Kato-Katz Technique Step by Step Procedure

A
  • upwards
  • glycerol
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32
Q

For all except hookworm eggs, keep the slide for____________at _________ to clear the fecal material prior to examination under the microscope.

Kato-Katz Technique

A
  • one or more hours
  • room temperature
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33
Q

To speed up clearing and examination, the slide can be
placed in a __________ or kept in direct sunlight for
several minutes.

Kato-Katz Technique

A

40 °C incubator

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33
Q

_________ and __________ will remain visible
and recognizable for many months.

Kato-Katz Technique

A
  • A. lumbricoides
  • T. trichiura eggs
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34
Q

Hookworm eggs clear rapidly and will no longer be
visible after ____________

Kato-Katz Technique

A

30–60 minutes.

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35
Q

___________ may be recognizable for up to several months but it is preferable to examine the slide preparations within 24 hours.

Kato-Katz Technique

A

Schistosome eggs

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36
Q

The smear should be examined ____________.

Kato-Katz Technique

A

systematically

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37
Q

Then, multiply by the appropriate FACTOR to give the number of eggs per gram of feces
____ if using a 50 mg template
____ if using a 41.7 mg template
____ if using a 20 mg template

Kato-Katz Technique

A
  • x 20
  • x 24
  • x 50
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38
Q

Light intensity infections of Ascaris lumbricoides

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

1- 4,999 epg

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39
Q

Moderate intensity infections of Ascaris lumbricoides

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

5,000 - 49,999 epg

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40
Q

Heavy intensity infections of Ascaris lumbricoides

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

> 50,000 epg

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41
Q

Light intesity infections of Trichuris trichiura

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

1 - 999 epg

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42
Q

Moderate intensity infections of Trichuris trichiura

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

1,000 - 9,999 epg

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43
Q

Heavy intensity infections of Trichuris trichiura

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

> 10,000 epg

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44
Q

Light intensity infections of Hookworms

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

1 - 1,999 epg

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45
Q

Moderate intensity infections of Hookworms

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

2,000 - 3,999 epg

46
Q

Heavy intensity infections of Hookworms

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

> 4,000 epg

47
Q

Light intensity infections of Schistosoma mansoni

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

1 - 99 epg

48
Q

Moderate intensity infections of Schistosoma mansoni

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

100 - 399 epg

49
Q

Heavy intensity infections of Schistosoma mansoni

Classification of Intensity of Infection

A

> 400 epg

50
Q

2 types of blood film for malaria parasites

A
  • Thick blood smear
  • Thin blood smear
51
Q

Blood smear used to determine if parasite is present

A

Thick

52
Q

Blood smear used to confirm the Plasmodium species present

A

Thin

53
Q

Lysed RBCs

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thick Film

54
Q

larger volume

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thick Film

55
Q

0.25 ul blood/100 fields

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thick Film

56
Q

blood elements more concentrated

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thick Film

57
Q

good screening test

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thick Film

58
Q

positive or negative

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thick Film

59
Q

parasite density

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thick Film

60
Q

more difficult to diagnose species

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thick Film

61
Q

fixed RBCs, single layer

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thin Film

62
Q

smaller volume

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thin Film

63
Q

0.005 ul blood/100 fields

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thin Film

64
Q

good species differentiation

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thin Film

65
Q

requires more time to read

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thin Film

66
Q

low density infections can be missed

Thick or Thin Blood Smear

A

Thin Film

67
Q

To quantify malaria parasites against RBCs, count the parasitized RBCs among ____________ on the thin smear and express the results as % parasitemia.

A

500-2,000 RBCs

68
Q

% parasitemia =

A

= (parasitized RBCs/total RBCs) × 100

69
Q

If the parasitemia is high [e.g., > 10%], examine _______

A

500 RBCs

70
Q

If it is parasitemia is low [e.g., <1%] ,examine ___________

A

2,000 RBCs (or more)

71
Q

In Quantifying Malarial Parasites, Count ___________ and _________ separately.

A
  • asexual blood stage parasites
  • gametocytes
72
Q

Only the asexual blood stage parasites are clinically important and gametocytes of ____________ can persist after elimination of asexual stages by drug treatment.

A

P. falciparum

73
Q

In Quantifying Malarial Parasites againsts WBC, what microscope lens is used?

A

100x oil immersion lens

74
Q

In Quantifying Malarial Parasites againsts WBC, select area with _______

A

10-20 WBCs per field

75
Q

In Quantifying Malarial Parasites againsts WBC, count the number of _________ and ______________ in the same fields on thick smear.

A
  • asexual parasites
  • white blood cells
76
Q

In Quantifying Malarial Parasites againsts WBC, you need to count how many WBCs

A

> 200 WBCs

77
Q

In Quantifying Malarial Parasites againsts WBC, assume WBC is ____________

A

8000/ul

78
Q

parasites per ul =

A

Parasites counted/WBC counted x WBC count/ul

79
Q

Cellophane swab is used for the diagnosis of:

A
  • Enterobiasis
  • Taeniasis
79
Q

Enterobiasis caused by a nematode called?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

80
Q

Taeniasis caused by tapeworm called?

A

Taenia solium or Taenia saginata

81
Q

Cellophane Swab is Specimen of choice for the detection of _____________

A

Enterobius
vermicularis (pinworm) eggs

82
Q

Adult female pinworms may also be seen in __________

A

Cellophane Swab

83
Q

At night, when the body is at rest, gravid (pregnant) adult female worms exit the host, typically a child, through the rectum and lay numerous eggs in the
________________.

A

perianal region

84
Q

Time of Collection for Cellophane swab

A

Early in the morning before the
patient washes or defecates.

85
Q

In cellophane swab, standard protocol for specimens collected daily for the number of negative tests that should be performed to rule out a pinworm infection is ______

A

5

86
Q

Each worm lay about how many eggs?

A

10,000 - 11,000 eggs

87
Q

The eggs of Enterobius vermicularis can spread everywhere and become infective in ________

A

4 - 6 hours

88
Q

In cellophane swab, ____________ may need to explain the procedure to patients, their families, and/or other health care professionals.

A

Laboratory technicians

89
Q

In cellophane swab, when instructing others, it is also critical to emphasize the importance of exercising ____________ and ___________ during specimen collection to avoid spreading infectious eggs into the environment

A
  • proper hygiene
  • preventive measures
90
Q

In Adhesive tape test, what side of the tape to you press on the slide?

A

Sticky side

91
Q

These procedures allow for the detection of parasitic elements that may be missed when examining only a direct wet smear.

A

Concentration (sedimentation and flotation)

92
Q

This procedure leads to recovery of ll protozoan cyst and oocysts, helminth eggs and larvae present in the stool specimen

A

Formalin - ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration

93
Q

It is recommended as being the easiest to perform and the least subject to technical error, allowing recovery of the broadest range of parasitic elements.

A

Formalin - ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration

94
Q

The specimen can be fresh or fixed stool

A

Formalin - ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration and concentration by flotation

95
Q

This preparation will often contain more debris than that obtained with the flotation and other procedures

A

Formalin - ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration

96
Q

Formalin - ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration is not reccomended for ______________________ and ____________________.

A
  • eggs of Fasciola spp.
  • larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis
97
Q

In concentration by sedimentation, mix about ____ of faeces with _____ of fixative (SAF or fomalin 5-10%), and leave for at least _______.

A
  • 1 g
  • 10 ml
  • 30 minutes
98
Q

In concentration by sedimentation, strain the suspension into a ____________ through a sieve or double layer of gauze allocated into a small funnel and centrifuge at _______ for __________

A
  • 15 ml conical tube
  • 500 g
  • 10 minutes
98
Q

In concentration by sedimentation, the contenst in the tube will separate into four layers:

A
  • sediment (contain parsitic elements)
  • saline
  • plug of faecal debris
  • Top layer of ethyl acetate (or ether or gasoline)
99
Q

This technique allows separation of parasitic elements fromo the coarsest organic debris, using a high specific density flotation solution.

A

Concentration by flotation

99
Q

Eggs, cysts and oocysts, with a specific density lower than the flotation solution, will rise to the top of the suspension

A

Concentration by flotation

100
Q

The most widely used flotation solution are:

A
  • zinc sulfate solution
  • sodium chloride
101
Q

Heavy eggs such as those of _____________ or _____________ not efficiently concentrated with Concentration by flotation

A
  • Fasciola
  • infertile Ascaris eggs
101
Q

In Concentration by flotation, eggs and cyst tend to lose their typical shape after ________

A

40 - 60 minutes

102
Q

In Concentration by flotation, how many grams of stool do you need to use?

A

3 g

103
Q

In concentration by flotation, what fixative can you use?

A

Formalin 5-10%

104
Q

How many g and how long is the first centrifuge of concentration by sedimentation?

A
  • 500 g
  • 10 mins
104
Q

How much saline will you add to the sediment after the first centrifuge in concentration by sedimentation?

A

7 mL

105
Q

How much ethyl acetate will you add to the sediment after adding saline and mixing in concentration by sedimentation?

A

3 mL

105
Q

In concentration by sedimentation, after adding ethyl acetate, how long will you shake it vigorously?

A

30 seconds

106
Q

How many g and how long will you centrifuge the second time in concentration by sedimentation?

A
  • 500 g
  • 3 mins
106
Q

After the second centrifugation, what are the layers you need to pour off?

concentration by sedimentation

A

Top 3 layers

107
Q

What g and how long is the first centrifuge in concentration by flotation?

A
  • 1500 g
  • 3 mins
108
Q

after the second centrifugation how much flotation solution will you use to resuspend the sediment?

concentration by flotation

A

10 mL

109
Q

How many g and how long is the third centrifugation

concentration by flotation

A
  • 800-1000 g
  • 5 mins
110
Q

Where will you harvest the parasites in concentration by flotation?

A

upper part of the meniscus

111
Q

What will you use to harvest the upper part of the meniscus in concentration by flotation?

A

cover slip

Parasitology Lab (7 decks)

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