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apicomlexa Flashcards

1
Q

Golden standard for identification of malarial species

A

Thin smears

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2
Q

Gloden standard for quantification of malarial species

A

Thick smears

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3
Q

Why is it called Phylum Apicomplexa

A

Apical Complex

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4
Q

Mode of reproduction of plasmodium

A

Alternating sexual and asexual stage

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5
Q

Reproductive stage of plasmodium that happends inside humans

A

Asexual stage

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6
Q

Intermediate host of plasmodium

A

Humans

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7
Q

Habitat of Anopheles mosquitoes

A

Free flowing shady streams (oxigenated water)

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7
Q

Where does the sexual stage plasmodium happens?

A

Female Anopheles Mosquito

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8
Q

Plasmodium species with Sylvatic Cycle (transmission from monkey)

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

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9
Q

Asexual reproduction of Plasmodium

A

Binary fission

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10
Q

Infective stage to Intermediate host of Plasmodium

A

Sporozoites

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11
Q

Infective stage to Definitive host of Plasmodium

A

Gametocytes

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12
Q

Where can you find Plasmodium sporozoites

A

Salivary glands of mosquitoes

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13
Q

Reprodution of Gametocytes happens where?

A

Inside mosquito

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14
Q

Final host of Plasmodium

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

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15
Q

Maturation of gametocytes happpens where?

A

Inside man

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16
Q

Habitat of plasmodium in man

A
  • Liver
  • RBCs
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17
Q

Habitat of Plasmodium in mosquitoes

A

Digestive tract

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18
Q

Where does Plasmodium sleep in men?

A

Liver

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19
Q

Where does Plasmodium actively reproduce asexualy in men?

A

RBCs

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20
Q

MOT of Plasmodium

A
  • Vector Borne (bite from female anopheles
  • Blood transfution
  • Transplacental
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21
Q

Ability to cross the placenta to get to the fetus

A

Transplacental

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22
Q

Two types of Reproduction of plasmodium inside humans

A
  • Erythrocytic Schizogony
  • Exoerythrocytic Merogony
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23
Q

Reproduction of Plasmodium that happens inside RBCs

A

Erythrocytic Schizogony

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24
Q

Reproduction of Plasmodium that happens inside the liver

A

Exoerythrocytic Merogony

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25
Q

Female Plasmodium

A

Macrogametocyte

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26
Q

Male Plasmodium

A

Microgametocyte

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27
Q

Zygote of Plasmodium

A

Ookinete

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28
Q

Reproduction phases happening inside mosquito

A
  • Gametogony (sexual)
  • Sporogony (asexual)
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28
Q

Where can you find the oocyst of plasmodium?

A

Stomach wall of mosquito

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29
Q

Sleeping stage of plasmodium

A

Hypnozoite

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30
Q

Stage of plasmodium that penetrates the RBC

A

Merozoites

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31
Q

Feeding stage of Plasmodium

A

Ring Form Trophozoite

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32
Q

What does Ring Form Trophozoite eat

A

Contents of RBCs

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33
Q

Dividing form of Plasmodium in Humans

A

Meront

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34
Q

Cause of Fever in malaria

A

Lysing of RBCs

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35
Q

Merozoites can tranform into ___________ and ____________

A
  • Macrogametocytes
  • Microgametocytes
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36
Q

Plasmodium stages seen in RBCs (Diagnostic Stages)

A
  • Merozoites (rare)
  • Ring-form trophozoites
  • Growing trophozoites
  • Macrogametocytes
  • Microgametocytes
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37
Q

Plasmodium species with more variety RBC infecting stages seen

A

Plasmodium falcifarum

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38
Q

Plasmodium species that has preponderance in younger RBCs

A
  • Plasmodium vivax
  • Plasmodium ovale
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39
Q

Plasmodium species that has preponderance in older RBCs

A

Plasmodium malariae

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40
Q

Plasmodium species that has preponderance in both younger and older RBCs

A

Pasmodium falciparum

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41
Q

Delicate small ring forms

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falcifarum ring forms

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42
Q

May have 2 chromatin dots

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falcifarum ring forms

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43
Q

Multiple ring forms within a single RBC

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falcifarum ring forms

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44
Q

Marginal forms (Accole/Applique)

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falcifarum ring forms

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45
Q

Not commonly seen

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falcifarum Developing Trophozoites

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46
Q

Rarely seen, except in severe cases

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falciparum Schizonts

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47
Q

May contain 8-36 Merozoites

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falcifarum Schizonts

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48
Q

Microgametocytes and Macrogametocytes

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falcifarum Gametocytes

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49
Q

Shape of Plasmodium falcifarum Microgametocytes

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Sausage shaped

50
Q

Shape of Plasmodium falcifarum Macrogametocyte

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Cresent shaped

51
Q

Chromatin of Plasmodium falcifarum Macrogametocyte

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

52
Q

Chromatin of Plasmodium falcifarum Microgametocyte

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

53
Q

Maurer’s Clefts

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falcifarum Stipplings

54
Q

Usually seen in older ring form trophozoites, and asexual stages

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falcifarum Stipplings

55
Q

Resembles Schuffer’s dots, but are usually larger, and more coarser

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falcifarum Stipplings

56
Q

Product of Plasmodium metabolism

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium falcifarum Stipplings

57
Q

Smaller rings (Approx. 1/8 of cell)

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium malariae Ring forms

58
Q

Heavy chromatin dot (Birds eye appearance)

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium malariae Ring forms

58
Q

Band-shaped Trophozoites

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium malariae Developing Trophozoites

59
Q

Basket forms may be seen

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium malariae Developing Trophozoites

60
Q

6-12 (8) merozoites

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium malariae Schizonts

61
Q

Rossete or Fruit pie appearance

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium malariae Schizonts

62
Q

Gametocytes smaller than P.vivax

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium malariae Gametocytes

63
Q

Ring 1/3 diameter of RBC

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium vivax Ring Forms

64
Q

Heavy chromatin dot

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium vivax Ring Forms

65
Q

Signet ring appearance

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium vivax Ring Forms

66
Q

Ameboid (Bizzare-looking, irregular shaped)

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium vivax Developing Trophozoites

67
Q

Schuffner’s dots (Eosinophilic)

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium vivax Developing Trophozoites

68
Q

12-24 merozoites

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium vivax schizonts

69
Q

Shape of Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

70
Q

Plasmodium vivax Microgametocyte chromatin

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A
  • Large
  • Pink to purple
  • surrounded by pale halo
71
Q

Plasmodium vivax Macrogametocyte chromatin

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

72
Q

Larger rings similar to P.vivax

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium ovale Ring Forms

73
Q

Ring-shaped; non- ameboid; Similar to P. vivax

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium ovale Developing Trophozoites

74
Q

Note of the Fimbriation, and Schuffner’s dots

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium ovale Developing Trophozoites

75
Q

4-12 (8) merozoites

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium ovale Schizonts

76
Q

smaller than P. vivax Gametocytes

Plasmodium seen in RBCs

A

Plasmodium ovale Gametocytes

77
Q

refers to the pattern of periodic fever and the release of red blood cells (erythrocytes) infected with malaria parasites (Plasmodium) into the bloodstream.

A

Febrile/Erythrocytic cycle

78
Q

Plasmodium falcifarum

Febrile/Erythrocytic cycle

A

Malignant Tertian
(36-48 hrs)

79
Q

Plasmodium vivax

Febrile/Erythrocytic cycle

A

Benign Tertian (48 hrs)

80
Q

Plasmodium ovale

Febrile/Erythrocytic cycle

A

Ovale tertian (48 hrs)

81
Q

Plasmodium malariae

Febrile/Erythrocytic cycle

A

Quartan malaria (72 hrs)

82
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for plasmodium

A
  • Thick and thin smear
  • Quantitative Buffy coat
  • Rapid Diagnostic Test
  • Serologic Tests
  • Molecular Methods
83
Q

Kind of coagulant used

Thick and Thin smear

84
Q

Smears should be made within _________

Thick and Thin smear

A

1 hour

True stipplings may not be retained

85
Q

Most common artifacts of thin smears

Thick and Thin smear

85
Q

stages used for speciations

Thick and Thin smear

A
  • trophozoites (ring forms)
  • Schizonts
  • Gametocytes
86
Q

When should you collect Blood specimens

Thick and Thin smear

A
  • prior to next anticipated fever spike
  • onset of fever
87
Q

Dime size or approx. 1-2 cm diameter

Thick or Thin smear

A

Thick smear

87
Q

Require dehemoglobinization

Thick or Thin smear

A

Thick smear

87
Q

General Screening, Diagnosis and Quatitation

Thick or Thin smear

A

Thick smear

88
Q

No need to fix with methanol

Thick or Thin smear

A

Thick smear

88
Q

Species identification

Thick or Thin smear

A

Thin smear

88
Q

Same as preparing a peripheral blood smear

Thick or Thin smear

A

Thin smear

89
Q

Fixed in absolute methanol

Thick or Thin smear

A

Thin smear

89
Q

Stains for blood smears

A
  • Giemsa
  • Wright
90
Q

Reporting for Infection

A

Parasites/100 Thick field

91
Q

Negative

Reporting for Infection

A

None found in 100 fields

92
Q

+

Reporting for Infection

93
Q

++

Reporting for Infection

94
Q

+++

Reporting for Infection

A

1-10 per thick field

95
Q

++++

Reporting for Infection

A

> 10 per thick fields

96
Q

Negative morning and afternoon thick-stained smear for 3 consecutive days during symptoms

A

Absense of Infection

97
Q

Determination of Parasitemia in Thick smears

A

No. Parasites x (8000/ No. WBCs counted) = No. parasites per uL of blood

98
Q

Determination of Parasitemia in Thin smears

A

(No infected RBCs / Total No. RBCs counted) x 100 = percent infected RBCs

99
Q

The number of parsites/uL of blood is determined by enumerating the number of parasites in relation to the standard number of WBCs/uL (standard)

Determination of parasitemia

A

Thick smears

100
Q

The percent of infected RBCs is determined by enumerating the number of infected RBCs in relation to the number of uninfected RBCs. A minimum of 500 RBCs total should be counted.

Determination of parasitemia

A

Thin smears

101
Q

Container for Quantitative buffy coat

Quantitative buffy coat

A

Capillary tube coated with Acridine Orange (flourescent stain)

101
Q

Where can you find the malarial parasites

Quantitative buffy coat

A

Buffy coat layer

102
Q

Positive result

Quantitative buffy coat

A

(+) Apple green or Yellow green

102
Q

Centrifuge for capillary tubes

Quantitative buffy coat

103
Q

For detection of antibodies against malaria

A

serologic test

103
Q

More sensitive in detecting the presence of malaria

A

Molecular test (PCR)

104
Q

Detect malarial antigens

A

Rapid Diagnostic Test

104
Q

Principle in Rapid Diagnostic Test

Rapid Diagnostic Test

A

Immunochromatography

105
Q

Antigen specific for P. falcifarum

Rapid Diagnostic Test

A

Plasmodium Histidine Rich Protein 2

105
Q

Antigens tha all Plasmodium species has

Rapid Diagnostic Test

A
  • Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase
  • Plasmodium Aldolase
106
Q

If control has a line

Rapid Diagnostic Test

107
Q

If T1 and T2 has a line

Rapid Diagnostic Test

A

Positive for P. falcifarum

108
Q

If only T2 has a line

Rapid Diagnostic Test

A

Positive for Plasmodium (not specific)

109
Q

Buffy coat is examined using a ____

A

fluorescent microscope

110
Q

Appearance of P. Ovale macrogametocytes

A

Have fimbriation

111
Q

Appearance of P.ovale microgametocyte

A

Elongated oval shape with schuffner’s dots

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