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Other Flashcards

1
Q

Define the Addiction Cycle stages (5)

A

social drug taking which induces a hedonic, pleasureable effect

positive reinforcement

drug taking compulsive pattern with escalating compulsive use and then dependence

negative withdrawal states trigger craving

transition from positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement in dependent people, relapse very likely

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2
Q

Where are illicit drugs marketed (2)

A

manufactured legitimately in middle income countries with weak drug laws or poor enforcement

manufactured in clandestine underground labs

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3
Q

Phases of substance abuse (5)

A

intoxication/overdose

withdrawal/detoxification

abstinence initiation/use reduction

relapse prevention

sequelae - psychosis/agitation

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4
Q

Pharmacological Treatment Strategies (4)

A

agonist/partial agonist - replacement/substitution

antagonist - blockade

aversive - negative reinforcement

correction of underlying/associated disorders eg depression

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5
Q

Name the drugs with no pharmacological treatment and name what treatment is used instead for all (6)

A

Cocaine

Methamphetamine

Hallucinogenics

Cannabis

Solvents/Inhalants

CBT therapy

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6
Q

Social deficit is known to be a key characteristic in addiction. Name co-conditions and two studies that support this. (7)

A

schizophrenia

autism

PTSD

depression

anxiety

in women with depression who inject drugs, social support prevents non fatal overdose - Paybala et Al 2013

in women with depression who inject drugs, social support decreases substance abuse - Nargiso et Al 2014

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7
Q

What are the effects and uses of oxytocin (2)

A

used as a treatment for anxiety

antagonises V1 receptors (ADH) that increase stres and increase chance of relapse

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8
Q

Name two other unexplored novel methods for drug addiction (2)

A

blocking drug memory reconsolidation

vaccines - make a cocaine-bacteria complex and then provide antibodies

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9
Q

What biological samples can be taken in order to detect drugs? (5)

A

blood

breath

urine

saliva

hair

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10
Q

Uses, Pros and Cons of immunoassays (3)

A

ketamine, cocaine, THC, methamphetamine, BZDs

simple, rapid, visual interpretation, on site detection

questions around sensitivity and detection times

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11
Q

Uses, and how to use urine test strips (3)

A

used for cannabis, opiates, methamphetamines, methadrone, cocains, BZDs and amphetamines

15 second absorption, lay test on clean surface and let lines develop

negative results are immediate, positive results take at least 5 minutes

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12
Q

Pros and cons of GC-MS (5)

A

Lab test - con

reliable - pro

sensitive - pro

screening of multiple substances - pro

quantitative - pro

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13
Q

Pros and cons of IR Spectroscopy (6)

A

specific unamibgious identification - pro

reliable - pro

rapid - pro

portable - pro

extensive drug library is required - containing legal highs, pharmecuetical and common compounds - con

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14
Q

Methods of keeping up with makers and users of designer drugs (9)

A

designer drugs are often modified versions of existing drugs

failed pharmaceuticals or research compounds

internet and detective work

amnesty bins from clubs and festivals are searched for unopened packages to be tested

police and border agency test on substances found in arrests and seizures

hospital admissions

questionnaires - test for brand names only

in any sewage or pooled urine with no female samples, can be tested for new drugs also.

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15
Q

Name the two most important drug laws (2)

A

Misuse of Drugs Act in 1971

UN General Assembly for Special Sessions on Drugs

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16
Q

Mechanism and cons of voltammetry (3)

A

small carbon fibre electrodes are inserted directly into the brain

electrode oxidises NT and transfer of electrons is measured as a small current

currently limited to a few comopounds - DA, nA, 5-ht and NO

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17
Q

Mechanism of large organ baths (4)

A

used only for large vessels

segments are mounted as a ring preparation on two fixed steel hooks

kept in a chamber with physiological salt solution, 37 degrees oxygen and Krebs

isometric tension recording is performed

18
Q

How are brain slices kept alive? (1)

A

with heated oxygenated artificial CSF

19
Q

What are all methods of testing effects of drugs of abuse? (9)

A

Voltammetry

Large Organ Baths

self-administration

oral and IV dosage

microdialysis

animal models

brain slices

receptor binding studies

western BLOT

20
Q

Measurements of Cellular Function (5)

A

mRNA and protein expression

cell proliferationn and migration

release of diffusible factors

short term vs long term changes

reversible vs permanent changes

21
Q

What are the methods of studying drugs of abuse in vivo and what are the cons (5)

A

examine mechanisms in detail and screen for specific receptor activity

compare function in control subjects vs addicts (animal models, pharmacological profiles and toxicology)

difficult to study long term

some limited info on metabolism is provided

some limited info on afferent and efferent connections

22
Q

What are the reasons people provide for taking designer drugs (3)

A

New experience

avoid law

avoid drug testing

23
Q

Misuse of Drugs Act (2)

A

1971

created the classes A-C

24
Q

Psychoactive Substances Act (4)

A

2016

integrates legal highs

restricts production, sale and supply of legal highs

excludes alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and food

25
Q

What feature of a drug is legalisation based upon and why? (2)

A

receptor pharmacology

least variable option as opposed receptor interaction, versions of old drugs and chemical receptors

26
Q

Definition of a Psychoactive substance (2)

A

a substance that that stimulates/depresses CNS or effects emotional or mental state

must be proven pharmacologically in in vivo tests

27
Q

What are the benefits of the PSA (3)

A

government looks less powerless

legal highs are much harder to study and become very expensive

classification prevents research from being sidetracked as legal highs can be grouped into previously studied substances

28
Q

Which molecules are difficult to classify and why? (8)

A

Mephedrone - acts on the same receptors as MDMA but with much worse receptor interaction. Leads to addiction, tachycardia, hyponatraemia and hypertension

Synthetic cannabis - primarily analgesic as it has different receptor interactions that mean behavioural effects require a lower dose. Has lead to 4 deaths and long-term psych)

2-C series have the same structure except an iodine/bromine switch has been known to cause delirium

Modafinil as its legal to possess but illegal to import, nootropic in the PSA but has positively documented behavioural effects

29
Q

What are the effects of health and social care of drugs of abuse? (2)

A

increases impact of mental health services, A&E and end of life services

increases burden on NHS, social care, local authorities or substance misuse commissions

30
Q

Which drugs effect the CNS? (6)

A

alcohol

cocaine

MDMA

solvents

glues

ketamine

31
Q

Which drugs affect the liver? (2)

A

alcohol

ecstasy

32
Q

Which drugs are neurotoxic? (2)

A

amphetamines

ecstasy

33
Q

Which drugs are linked with dementia and depression? (1)

A

alcohol

34
Q

Which drugs are linked with psychosis and anxiety? (3)

A

opioids, PCP and amphetamines

35
Q

Which drugs can cause memory loss? (1)

A

cannabis

36
Q

Which drugs have anorectic effects (2)

A

cocaine

amphetamines

37
Q

What is NPSAD and what are its functions? (5)

A

National Programme of Substance Abuse Disorders

surveillance system on drug deaths - coroners of England, forensic toxicologists, pathologists, general mortality registers

analysis of drug mortality and substances involved, date of birth, date of death, address of residence, address of death, health history, drug history, prescription history, post mortem results, toxicology, cause of death, coroners verdict

act as an early warning system

indicator of prevalence

38
Q

MPA (5)

A

Methiopropramine

42 cases of MPA post mortem

always combined with other drugs

1/2 known drug abusers and a 1/3 had mental health issues

90% male, mean 36 years 15-56 years

39
Q

Ethylphenidate (4)

A

28 cases post mortem

combined in 26 cases

1/2 known drug users and a 1/4 had mental health issues

2/3 male, mean 31, 18-58 years

40
Q

What are the different laws on possession based upon the PSA, TCDO and MoDA? (3)

A

PSA - cannot punish for possession and proof of psychoactivity is required

TCDO - cant punish for personal possession and no need to prove its psychoactive

MoDA - can punish for personal possession and no need to prove its psychoactive

41
Q

What is the TCDO (1)

A

Temporary Class Drug Order

PPDA (14 decks)

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