Othello Flashcards

AQA Paper 1 Revision

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1
Q

According to Aristotle, protagonists in tragedy had megalopsychia. What does this mean?

A

Greatness of soul

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2
Q

What does Aristotle define hamartia as?

A

An error of judgement (usually caused by hubris)

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3
Q

Define hubris.

A

Excessive pride or arrogance

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4
Q

What does hamartia refer to?

A

The fatal flaw of a tragic hero.

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5
Q

Arguably what is Othello hamartia?

A

Pride/Hubris

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6
Q

According to Aristotle’s version of tragedy, what is Othello’s hamartia?

A

The trust he places in Iago.

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7
Q

What is peripeteia?

A

A major change in circumstances, usually involving the protagonist’s reversal from good fortune to bad.

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8
Q

What is anagnorisis?

A

A recognition of a tragic error of judgement.

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9
Q

Define catharsis.

A

The release of intense emotions (caused by watching the tragic end to a play) that have been built up in everyday life.

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10
Q

What belief did Elizabethan audiences follow that suggested a hierarchal order?

A

The Great Chain of Being

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11
Q

What did Queen Elizabeth decree regarding black people?

A

That they should be exiled from England.

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12
Q

How does Shakespeare open the play?

A

In-media-res

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13
Q

What is Iago suggesting by referring to Cassio as ‘a great arithmetician ‘that has never set a squadron in the field’? (Act 1:1)

A

That he is unworthy of his position and not a strong of powerful leader.

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14
Q

‘I follow him to _____ my turn upon him’ (1:1)

A

serve

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15
Q

‘I am __ what I am’ (1:1)

A

not

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16
Q

In terms of character, what is notable about the opening of Othello?

A

The villain takes centre stage instead of the tragic hero.

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17
Q

‘_____! ______! Look to your house, your daughter, and your bags.’ (1:1)

A

Thieves/thieves

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18
Q

‘Zounds, sir, you’re ______; for shame’ (1:1)

A

robb’d

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19
Q

‘____ daughter is not for thee.’ (1:1)

A

My

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20
Q

‘From hence, ____ not your daughter’s minds.’ (1:1)

A

trust

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21
Q

‘An old ____ ram // is tupping your _____ ewe.’ (1:1)

A

black / white

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22
Q

Analyse: ‘You’ll have your daughter // covered with a Barbary horse, you’ll have your nephews // neigh to you.’ (1:1)

A

The racial connotations are clear with the animalistic imagery used to mock Othello and Desdemona by linking Brabantio’s future children to horses.

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23
Q

‘the Moor are now making ___ ____ with two backs’ (1:1)

A

the beast

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24
Q

What is the double meaning of ‘You are a senator’ (1:1)

A

Senator actually means centaur. Once again the horse metaphor is used to mock Brabantio because his daughter is sleeping with Othello.

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25
Q

What racial stereotype is explored in ‘Is there not charms // By which property of youth and maidhood // May be abus’d?’ (1:1)

A

It is the suggestion that Othello has engaged with dark magic, a common belief existed in Elizabethan times that black people had access to such dark powers.

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26
Q

How does ‘My services which I have done the signiory // Shall out-tongue his complaints’ (1:2) present Othello?

A

As confident and prideful.

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27
Q

‘I love thee _____ Desdemona’ (1:2)

A

gentle

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28
Q

How is Othello presented in ‘Keep up your bright swords’ and ‘you shall more command with years’?

A

As respectful and commanding. Very different to what the audience might expect due to their racial prejudice and Iago’s introduction.

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29
Q

‘thou hast ______ her’ (1:2)

A

enchanted

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30
Q

‘to the sooty bosom // Of such a _____ as thou’ (1:2)

A

thing

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31
Q

‘practis’d on her with foul _______’ (1:2)

A

charms

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32
Q

Finish the quotation: ‘I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart of a ______ and a ____ of England too.’ (Queen Elizabeth)

A

king

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33
Q

Analyse: ‘twas strange, ‘twas passing strange // ‘twas pitiful, ‘twas wondrous pitiful.’ (1:3)

A

The parallel phrasing of Othello’s speech shows him to be a good orator, again challenging the beliefs of those about his rank and status and even his own self-deprecating nature as he states that he is ‘rude…in speech.’ (though this could just be him being clever and presenting as humble).

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34
Q

‘I ____ his daughter’ (1:3)

A

won

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35
Q

Why does Desdemona have a divided duty?

A

Because she is married and now under the patriarchal system, she must answer to both her husband and her father.

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36
Q

What does ‘To mourn mischief that is past and gone // Is the next way to draw new mischief on’ (1:3) allude to?

A

It alludes to Iago and the grudge he holds which will cause such destruction.

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37
Q

How does ‘if thou hast eyes to see: // She has deceiv’d her father and may thee’ influence Othello later? (1:3)

A

It spurs his jealousy. Othello is a great believer in the patriarchal system. Her ‘betrayal’ of her father leads Othello to comment on her ‘liberal’ nature and be so open to believing she could betray him too.

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38
Q

‘If thou canst cuckold him, thou dost thyself a pleasure, me a ____.’ (1:3)

A

sport

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39
Q

‘Put _____ enough in your purse.’ (1:3)

A

money

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40
Q

‘Thus do I ever make my ____ my purse’ (1:3)

A

fool

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41
Q

‘Cassio’s a ______ man’ (1:3)

A

proper

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42
Q

‘The moor is of a ____ and ____ nature’ (1:3)

A

free / open

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43
Q

Analyse: ‘And will as tenderly be led by the nose // As asses are’ (1:3)

A

Iago once more returns to the theme of horses for his racial comments. Clearly, despite his discussion of Othello and Emilia, his inherent prejudice is a clearly motivating factor.

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44
Q

What does Cassio’s introduction as ‘look[ing] sadly // and pray[ing] for the Moor [to] be safe’ (2:1) achieve?

A

It reveals Cassio’s loyalty, furthering the tragedy that he chooses to believe Iago.

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45
Q

Analyse the difference between Desdemona ‘Our great captain’s captain’ and Emilia who ‘has no speech’ in 2.1.

A

The juxtaposition shows the differing status of the women due to their class. However, both end up with the same fate showing their similarity too.

Interesting, both women exhibit agency in their play and are killed for it, regardless of class.

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46
Q

‘If I were now to die // Twere now to be most ______’ (2:1)

A

happy

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47
Q

‘If after every tempest come such calms // May the winds blow till they have waken’d _____’ (2:1)

A

death

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48
Q

Analyse: ‘If she had been blest she would never have loved the Moor’ (2:1)

A

He demeans Desdemona who seems to be held in such high regard by all others. She has lost value due to her decision to wed Othello.

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49
Q

‘The Moor…is of a constant _____, ____ nature’ (2:1)

A

loving / noble

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50
Q

In 2.1 what reason does Iago give for loving Desdemona?

A

Because she feeds his revenge. He thinks Othello has slept with Emilia and so loves her too in order to be vengeful.

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51
Q

‘nothing can or shall content my soul // until I am _____ with him’ (2:1)

A

even’d

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52
Q

‘jealousy so strong // That _______ cannot cure.’ (2:1)

A

judgement

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53
Q

‘And practising upon his peace and quiet // Even to ______-‘ (2:1)

A

Madness

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54
Q

Why is Iago so frequently referred to as ‘most honest’? (2:3 and elesewhere)

A

To add a sense of dramatic irony and frustration. We are reminded constantly of Iago’s duplicitous nature.

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55
Q

What is interesting about Othello stating ‘For Christian shame, put by this barbarous brawl’? (2:3)

A

Their is an irony to it. The Christian’s are acting dishonourably throughout the play and here. Yet Othello (the barbarian they judge) is the noble and honourable man - at the beginning at least.

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56
Q

Analyse: ‘but lift this arm, the best of you // shall sink in my rebuke’. (2:3)

A

It shows the power and strength of Othello and how well thought of he is for his command to be obeyed. Thus making his downfall more tragic.

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57
Q

‘This tongue cut from my mouth // Than it should do _______ to Michael Cassio’ (2:3)

A

offence

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58
Q

Analyse: ‘Our general’s wife is not the general.’ (2:3)

A

It is mockery, implying that Othello is weak because he is now under the influence of a woman.

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59
Q

‘What’s he then that says I play the _____’ (2:3)

A

villain

60
Q

‘How am I then a _______’ (2:3)

A

villain

61
Q

‘When devils will the _______ sin put on // They do suggest at first with ______ shows.’ (2:3)

A

blackest // heavenly

62
Q

Analyse: ‘I’ll pour a pestilence in his ear.’ (2:3)

A

Iago is presented as contaminating and infecting Othello.

63
Q

‘steals away so ____-____’ (3:3)

A

guilty-like

64
Q

‘I will deny you _____’ (3:3)

A

nothing

65
Q

How is Desdemona presented when she states ‘I’ll watch him and tame him and talk him out of patience.’ (3:3)?

A

She is presented again as having agency and power. Her privilege or her confidence borne out of her last act of rebellion means she does not adhere (at this point) to the patriarchal standards of society.

66
Q

How is Desdemona behaving here: ‘I wonder in my soul // what you would ask me that I should deny’ (3:3)?

A

In a manipulative way. She is clever and using Othello’s feelings for her to get what she ones (though this is actually done for the good of Othello and not for a sinister motive).

67
Q

What does Desdemona mean when she states that she makes the case for Cassio like she would ‘entreat’ Othello to ‘wear [his] gloves’? (3:3)

A

That her pressing for Cassio is natural because she is trying to protect and look after Othello. There is a sadness to the fact that Othello casts Cassio aside - who would likely protect him from Iago.

68
Q

What technique is used in ‘and when I love thee not // Chaos is come again’? (3:3)

A

Foreshadowing

69
Q

‘I speak not yet of _____’ (3:3)

A

proof

70
Q

‘Why did I _____?’ (3:3)

A

marry

71
Q

As Iago leaves the stage in 3:3, Othello states ‘Why did I marry?’ despite claiming ‘Desdemona’s honest’ showing what?

A

The ease with which Iago manipulates Othello. He claims to trust Desdemona several times after this but one conversation with Iago is enough to have him make such an outburst.

72
Q

‘If she be false, O then ______ mocks itself.’ (3:3)

A

heaven

73
Q

How are the following two quotations ironic?

‘If there were some monster in his thought to hideous to be shown’ (3:3) and ‘If thou dost love me // show me thy thought’ (3:3)

A

The first is ironic because the monstrous thought not being shown is Iago’s true motivations.

The second because it is Iago’s hateful thought that causes his downfall. Othello almost begs to hear that which will destroy him.

74
Q

How is ‘And oft my jealousy // Shapes faults that are not’ (3:3) ironic?

A

Iago is saying this to manipulate Othello. However, there is some truth to this. Iago’s jealousy of Othello and Iago’s position has led to him hating them undeservedly.

75
Q

How is ‘Beware my lord…of the green eyed monster’ ironic’? (3:3)

A

Because he is the one encouraging it in the first place.

76
Q

Analyse: ‘my wife is fair, feeds well, loves company’ (3:3)

A

Othello is outlining ways in which Desdemona does not play the submissive housewife - reasons he professes to love but cause him to believe Iago so easily.

77
Q

‘Nor from my own weak merits will I draw // The smallest fear or ____’ (3:3)

A

doubt

78
Q

How is Venice depicted in the quotation: ‘In Venice, they do let God see the pranks // They dare not show their husbands’? (3:3)

A

As a place of debauchery and adultery.

79
Q

Analyse: ‘Haply for I am black // And have not those soft parts of conversation.’ (3:3)

A

Othello is projecting society’s views of him onto himself - though he has proven to be otherwise. His insecurity fuels his jealousy and causes him to believe he is ‘abus’d’ because he cannot be worthy of Desdemona.

80
Q

What does ‘I have a pain upon my forehead’ allude to?

A

The idea of being cuckolded.

81
Q

‘I nothing but to _____ his fantasy’ (3:3)

A

please

82
Q

‘I have a ______ wife’ (3:3)

A

foolish

83
Q

‘A _____ wench! Give it me!’ (3:3(

A

good

84
Q

What motif is returned to here ‘The Moor already changes with my poison’? (3:3)

A

The idea that Iago is poisoning and corrupting Othello. The very next line is ‘Dangerous conceits are in their natures poisons’.

85
Q

‘Shall ever _______ thee to that sweet sleep // which thou owed’st yesterday’ (3:3)

A

medicine

86
Q

What does Othello mean when he says ‘tis better to be much abus’d // Than to know’t a little’? (3:3:

A

He wishes he did not know anything because of the great suffering and pain it is causing him. He claims to prefer the idea that ignorance is bliss.

87
Q

‘If thou does slander her and torture me // Never _____ more’ (3:3)

A

pray

88
Q

What technique is used here to reveal Othello’s inner conflict: ‘I think my wife be honest, and think she is not; // ‘I think that thou art just, and think thou art not’?

A

Parallel phrasing

89
Q

What is the handkerchief a symbol of?

A

The love and commitment between Othello and Desdemona. By losing it, their love is doomed.

90
Q

‘Arise, _____ vengeance, from thy hollow cell.’ (3:3)

A

black

91
Q

What is the significance of Othello saying ‘black vengeance’ and calling for ‘blood, blood, blood’? (3:3)

A

It shows his treatment by society (Iago) has reduced and degraded him back to the racial stereotype that existed at the time. He is bloodthirsty and savage.

92
Q

‘_____ her, lewd minx! O, ____ her, ____ her!’ (3:3)

A

Damn

93
Q

How do Desdemona’s claims that Othello is ‘true of mind’ and where he was from ‘drew such humours from him’ (3:4) present her?

A

She appears love struck but also very naïve. Emilia, in contrast, seems to have a much better understanding of men and their natures.

94
Q

‘They are all but _______, and we all but food’ (3:4)

A

stomachs

95
Q

Analyse: ‘Men’s natures wrangle with inferior things // Though great ones are their object’ (3:4)

A

It once more shows her adoration of Othello but also deeply entrenched patriarchal beliefs. She awards men the idea of superiority and suggests that they are simply plagued by inferior things, not that they carry those inferiorities.

96
Q

What does Emilia highlight by stating [jealousy] is a ‘monster// Begot upon itself, born on itself’ (3:4)

A

The importance of jealousy in the poem. It is not just Othello that is plagued by jealousy but Iago too, who spreads jealousy onto Othello because he is jealous of Othello and Iago.

97
Q

At the beginning of 4:1, just before he falls into a trance, what is notable about Othello’s change in language?

A

He speaks in prose with many pauses, interruptions and incomplete sentences.

It either shows he is going mad, or that he has fallen into a low-born position from his own great status.

98
Q

Why does Othello think Iago mocks him by asking about the pain in his head?

A

Because he is deeply hurt by the idea of being cuckloded. It has wounded his pride.

99
Q

‘see how he prizes the _____ woman, your wife’ (4:1)

A

foolish

100
Q

‘A ____ woman, a ____ woman, a _____ woman’ (4:1)

A

fine/fair/sweet

101
Q

‘Let her rot and perish and be _____ tonight’ (4:1)

A

damned

102
Q

‘If you are so fond of her iniquity, give her patent to ______’ (4:1)

A

offend

103
Q

What emotion is Iago trying to play upon when he states, ‘give her patent to offend’?

A

Othello’s pride. He cannot bear the idea of being played by a woman.

104
Q

What is notable about Othello asking Iago to get him poison?

A

It shows a fall from grace. This is a great soldier and general now falling to deceptive means to kill a woman. It suggests weakness.

105
Q

‘And for Cassio, let me be his _________.’ (4:1)

A

undertaker

106
Q

Why is there such use of hellish imagery in 4:1?

A

Due to change in Othello from hero to somewhat of a villain here. It also creates a sense of foreboding.

107
Q

Analyse: ‘My lord, this would not have been believ’d in Venice.’ (4:1)

A

It shows the drastic change in Othello who - obsessed with reputation - has now lost his.

108
Q

‘I will be hang’d if some eternal ______…have not devis’d this slander.’ (4:1)

A

villain

109
Q

‘Hath she forsook so many _____ matches // To be call’d whore?’ (4:1)

A

noble

110
Q

How does the quotation: ‘Hath she forsook so many noble matches…//To be call’d whore’ relate to Othello’s jealousy?

A

It shows why he might be so insecure. Society has suggested he is not good enough or worthy enough to marry Desdemona. He projects this onto himself which is why he find it so easy that Desdemona would cheat on him.

111
Q

What is ironic about ‘If any such there be, heaven pardon him’? (4:1)

A

Iago is in the room when this is stated. The pure Desdemona is pardoning anyone who has meddled with Othello, furthering the presentation of the cruelty and the lack of remorse he shows.

112
Q

‘Some _____ notorious knave, some _____ fellow.’ (4:1)

A

base / scurvy

113
Q

‘And put in every _____ hand a whip.’ (4:1)

A

honest

114
Q

In 4:1, why does Iago try to silence Emilia and try to get her to ‘speak within door’?

A

He is worried that he might be revealed.

115
Q

‘You are a _____, go to.’ (4:1)

A

fool

116
Q

Why does Shakespeare have Desdemona ‘kneel’ as she pleas to know what she might ‘do to win her lord again?’ (4:1)

A

It creates an image of her being pious but also helpless, garnering sympathy.

117
Q

‘His unkindness may defeat my life // But never _____ my love.’ (4:1)

A

taint

118
Q

When is the earliest record of the Willow Song?

A

1583

119
Q

What was the original version of the Willow Song about?

A

A man who dies because of his lover’s cruelty and betrayal.

120
Q

How does Shakespeare adapt the Willow Song?

A

He changes the subject of it from a man to a woman - thus foreshadowing Desdemona’s death.

121
Q

Analyse: ‘I will, my lord’ (4:3)

A

Desdemona’s length of utterance is drastically changed. Compare to her verbosity in previous acts, she now is clearly obedient and lacking a voice.

122
Q

‘If I do die before thee, prithee shroud me // In one of those same _____.’ (4:3)

A

sheets

123
Q

How is Desdemona presented when she states ‘That there be women do abuse their husbands in such gross kind’?

A

Naïve and innocent. She does not understand that some women do behave immorally because she is so clearly moral. Compare her to some of the things Emilia (much more worldly-wise) says.

124
Q

How does Emilia juxtapose Desdemona’s show of innocence and purity in 4:3?

A

Through the use of humour and by showing a more sinister woman. ‘I might do’t’ and ‘who would not make their husband a cuckold, to make him a monarch?’ being examples.

125
Q

‘O, my ______ interprets’ (5:2)

A

fear

126
Q

Analyse: ‘Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow // And smooth as monumental alabaster.’ (5:2)

A

Shakespeare’s use of colour imagery serves as a final reminder of Desdemona’s innocence, before her tragic fate that the audience know is coming.

127
Q

‘Yet she must die, else she’ll _____ more men.’ (5:2)

A

betray

128
Q

What does ‘else she’ll betray more men’ (5:2) refer to?

A

The betrayal of her father as well as Othello. Othello is often considered a misogynist.

129
Q

Analyse: ‘Put out the light, and then put out the light.’ (5:2)

A

Once more light imagery is used to represent the goodness of Desdemona as well as the hope for their marriage. Othello is about to destroy something inherently good.

130
Q

‘So sweet was ne’er so ____’ (5:2)

A

fatal

131
Q

‘O perjur’d ______!’ (5:2)

A

woman

132
Q

‘Had all his hairs been lives, my _____ ______ // Had stomach from them all.’ (5:2)

A

great revenge

133
Q

Analyse: ‘A guiltless death I die’ (5:2)

A

Desdemona’s final words remind us once of her innocence and enhance the tragedy and catharsis of the scene. It also villainises Othello and Iago even further.

134
Q

From a feminist perspective, why does Desdemona not name Othello her killer?

A

Because of her blind loyalty to the patriarchal system that demands constant obedience from a wife to husband.

135
Q

‘O more ____ she // And you the blacker ______’ (5:2)

A

angel / devil

136
Q

Analyse: ‘She was too fond of her most filthy bargain.’ (5:2)

A

The racial connotations are once more clear here, as Emilia points out that Othello has regressed to the racial stereotype assumed of him.

137
Q

‘Men must lay their ______ on your neck’ (5:2)

A

murders

138
Q

‘You told a _____, an odious damned _____’ (5:2)

A

lie

139
Q

‘___ ___, charm your tongue’ (5:2)

A

go to

140
Q

‘For thou hast killed the _____ ______ // That e’er did lift up eye.’ (5:2)

A

sweetest innocent

141
Q

According to Gratiano, how did Brabantio die?

A

Because of grief over Desdemona’s wedding.

142
Q

‘I saw it in his hand // It was a ________’ (5:2)

A

handkerchief

143
Q

What is Emilia fighting against when she says ‘all cry shame on me, yet I’ll speak.’? (5:2)

A

The patriarchal system. She is forbidden from speaking but does so anyway.

144
Q

What happens as a result of Emilia speaking out against Iago?

A

She is killed.

145
Q

Analyse: ‘O cursed, cursed slave! Whip me.’ (5:2)

A

Again the racial connotations are clear. Othello now views himself in the same way that the prejudiced Venetian society view him.

Compare this to his confidence in Act One.

146
Q

‘For naught I did in hate but all in _______’ (5:2)

A

honour

147
Q

How does Othello dehumanise himself in 5:2, linking himself to the racial beliefs of the Elizabethan era?

A

‘base Indian’ ‘all his tribe’ ‘slave’ ‘whip me’