Osteoporosis and Diabetes

Question 1

Osteoporosis

Answer 1

• Low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue
• Bone fragility/ increased susceptibility to fractures,

Question 2

Symptoms of Osteoporosis

Answer 2

• Bones become weak, sudden strain, bump or fall causes a fracture or collapse in vertebrae
• Loss of height, spinal deformities (kyphosis) and severe pain

Question 3

Type 1 Osteoporosis

Answer 3

• Occurs primarily in women aged 45-60 years (postmenopausal), associated with oestrogen depletion
• First 5-7 years women can lose as much as 20% of their bone mass

Question 4

Type 2 Osteoporosis

Answer 4

• Occurs in males and females over 70 years
• Associated with low bone mass and the ageing

Question 5

Bone Remodelling

Answer 5

• Bone is constantly being broken down and replaced with new bone tissue.
• With age more bone is broken down than is replaced.

Question 6

Osteoclasts

Answer 6

Breakdown old bone

Question 7

Osteoblasts

Answer 7

Replaces old bone with new tissue. Which then mineralises.

Question 8

Stages of Osteoporosis

Answer 8

1. Bone building
2. Osteopenia
3. Osteoporosis

Question 9

Bone Building

Answer 9

From childhood to early adulthood (diet rich in Ca and vitamin D; weight bearing exercise)

Question 10

Osteopenia

Answer 10

• Evidence of reduced bone mass is detected (stooped posture).
• Can be treated through lifestyle change and medication

Question 11

Osteoporosis

Answer 11

• Bone loss is unmistakable (bone mineral density test).

Question 12

Osteoporosis Causes

Answer 12

• Smoking
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Family history (Genetics)
• Heavy drinking

Question 13

Nutrition (Osteoporosis)

Answer 13

• Adequate intake of Calcium and Vitamin D
• Avoid heavy drinking and smoking as it inhibits calcium absorption

Question 14

Oestrogen Deficiency

Answer 14

• Stronger stimulus for bone loss than Calcium deficiency
• Oestrogen influences bone three times as much as exercise

Question 15

Diabetes

Answer 15

• Body’s production and use of insulin is impaired
• Causes sugar to build up in the blood stream

Question 16

Glucose

Answer 16

Main source of energy for the body. It is the only fuel source for brain cells

Question 17

Insulin

Answer 17

Hormone secreted by the pancreas. It stimulates cells to absorb glucose

Question 18

Metabolic Disorder

Answer 18

• The body cannot metabolise carbohydrates properly, leads to high levels of glucose in the blood.
• The body then switches to fats and proteins as an energy source.

Question 19

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 19

• Elevated blood glucose levels come from insufficient insulin production
• Insufficient insulin production keep body cells “locked”
• Glucose cannot be used as fuel source

Question 20

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 20

• Elevated blood glucose results from cells becoming unresponsive to existing insulin.
• Age, family history, obesity & sedentary lifestyle (risk factors)

Question 21

Flash Glucose Monitering

Answer 21

• Small disposable glucose
  sensor worn on the skin for up
  to 14 days
• Wireless reader device/smartphone with app
• Does not replace blood glucose
  monitoring

Question 22

Hypoglycaemia (Insulin Shock)

Answer 22

• Low blood sugar levels.
• Caused by too much circulating insulin or too little food to balance insulin.

Symptoms
* Uneasy
* nauseated
* Uncoordinated

Question 23

Hyperglycaemia (Diabetic Coma)

Answer 23

• Excess of glucose in the bloodstream
• Too little insulin available to fully metabolise carbohydrates.