OSTEOPOROSIS Flashcards
What are the non-modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis?
Age Gender (female) Premature menopause Hysterectomy Race: white or asian much more likely than black Family history Previous fracture Amenorrhea in female athletes
What are the modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?
Alcohol Smoking Steroid use Sustained period of immobilisation Vitamin D deficiency Malnutrition (especially calcium deficiency) Underweight
What medical disorders have osteoporosis as a possible complication? (Name at least 7)
Any chronic disease that leads to immobilisation Hypogonadal states such as Turner's syndrome Some endocrine disorders (separate question for details) Malabsorption disorders such as Crohn's Anorexia nervosa Rheumatoid Arthritis SLE Ankylosing Spondylitis Lymphoma Multiple myeloma Sickle cell disease Thalassemia Marfan's syndrome
What endocrine disorders have osteoporosis as a possible complication? (Name at least 5)
Cushing's syndrome Hyperparathyroidism Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Diabetes Acromegaly Adrenal insufficiency
What medications can lead to the development of osteoporosis? (Name at least 5)
Steroids Barbiturates Phenytoin Thyroxine Methotrexate Warfarin Heparin PPI's Lithium
What do osteoblasts do
Add bone matrix
What do osteoclasts do?
Resorption of bone. They are essentially macrophages.
Where do osteoblasts work?
They only work where osteoclasts have already resorbed bone.
What is the bone density threshold for osteoporosis?
2.5 SD below that of normal adult mean value
What is the bone density threshold of osteopenia?
1 SD below the normal density of bone
What is increased in the marrow of a bone affected by osteoporosis?
Adipocytes
What are osteocytes?
They are osteoblasts that have trapped themselves inside the bone matrix that they created. They stimulate osteoblasts and osteoclasts to recycle bone. They are connected to neighbour osteocytes.
Why do women get a lot more osteoporosis?
Oestrogen deficiency contributes to bone metabolism. So post menopausal women are more likely to develop osteoporosis.
What is the name of the cave left by the osteoclasts?
Howship’s lacunae
What is the glycoprotein which is reduced when the levels of oestrogen decrease?
OPG - Osteoprotegerin
