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Anatomy > osteology of the skull > Flashcards

osteology of the skull Flashcards

1
Q

number of bones in the skull

A

22

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2
Q

number of bones in the neurocranium

A

8

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3
Q

number of bones in the viscerocranium

A

14

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4
Q

function of the neurocranium

A

protects the brain

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5
Q

function of the viscerocranium

A

facial skeleton and bones of the jaw

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6
Q

what are the superficial boundaries (front to back) between the vault and the base of the skull?

A

the orbital arch, the outer edge of the orbit, the upper edge of the zygoma, the anterior edge of the external auditory canal, the mastoid process, and the external occipital protuberance

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7
Q

what passes from the skull into the vertebral canal through the foramen of magnum?

A

the lower part of the medulla oblongata (located at the posterior part of the base)

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8
Q

in which part of the skull is the foramen magnum located?

A

posterior part of the base

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9
Q

the main sutures in the adult skull and what they fuse:

A
  • Coronal suture – fuses the frontal bone with the two parietal bones.
  • Sagittal suture – fuses both parietal bones to each other.
  • Lambdoid suture – fuses the occipital bone to the two parietal bones.
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10
Q

which are the 2 major fontanelles ?

A
  • Frontal fontanelle – located at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures
  • Occipital fontanelle – located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures
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11
Q

name of the junction of the coronal and sagittal suture:

A

bregma

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12
Q

name of the junction of the sagittal and limboid suture:

A

lambda

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13
Q

the paired bones:

A

parietal and temporal

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14
Q

the unpaired bones:

A

frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid

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15
Q

The internal or endocranial surface:

A

endocranium is concave and closely conforms to the contour of the brain.

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16
Q

external or exocranial surface:

A

The external or exocranial surface: Covered externally by a periosteum called PERICRANIUM. The exocranium refers to the external part of the skull, responsible for the head’s outer shape.

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17
Q

what is the telecephalon composed of?

A

the 2 hemispheres (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system)

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18
Q

what is the diencephalon composed of?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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19
Q

what is the cerebrum composed of?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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20
Q

what does the tentorium separate (in details)??

A

separates the cerebrum from the cerbellum and brainstem

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21
Q

dura matter VS arachnoid matter VS pia matter: (what layer + what they are + what they contain or what they’re attached to):

A
  • dura matter: The toughest layer, lining the inner surface of the skull, forming the walls of venous sinuses, and sending extensions that
    compartmentalize the cranial cavity, such as:
    o The falx cerebri, separating the two cerebral hemispheres.
    o The tentorium cerebelli, separating the supratentorial
    (cerebrum) from the infratentorial space (cerebellum and
    brainstem)
  • arachnoid matter: middle membrane containing blood vessels to supply the brain
  • pia matter: innermost thinnest layer directly attached to the brain’s surface
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22
Q

the cranial nerves and their functions:

A

slide 9
blurt them out

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23
Q

(in the internal surface of calvaria), what is the vault composed of ? (slide 10) (squamas, not bones):

A
  • Anteriorly, the frontal squama
  • Laterally, two parietal bones, the temporal squama, and the sagittal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid
  • Posteriorly, the upper part of the occipital squama
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24
Q

what is the name of the spongy bone between the 2 compact bones in the vault + their veins’s name:

A
  • diploe
  • diploic veins
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25
Q

what do we find in the granular pits in the middle of the groove of the superior sagittal sinus + its role (in the internal surface of the calvaria):

A
  • PACCHIONI granular pits
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26
Q

what are the lateral grooves in the internal surface of the calvaria ?

A
  • laterally, grooves corresponding to the branches of the middle meningeal artery
27
Q

the delimitations of the base of the skull:

A

The base of the skull forms the floor of the cranial cavity. It is the portion of the skull located below a horizontal line passing through the mid-frontal eminence, external occipital protuberance, and the superior edge of the petrous part of the temporal bone

28
Q

the foramens of the base of the skull:

A
  • foramen roturdum
  • foramen ovale
  • foramen spinosum
  • foramen lacerum (where carotid artery exits between it and the petrous part in carotid canal
  • internal accoustic meatus
29
Q

anterior boundaries of the anterior cranial fossa of the brain: (ant + pos):

A
  • ant: vertical portion of the frontal lobe
  • pos: lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
30
Q

what do we find in the midline of the anterior cranial fossa ?

A

crista galli + foramen cecum = attached to falx cerebri

31
Q

what is the majority of the anterior cranial fossa occupied by ?

A

orbital part of the frontal lobe

32
Q

what do we find on each side of the bony ridge of the anterior cranial fossa and what nerve do they receive ?

A
  • cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
  • The olfactory bulb rests on this ethmoidal zone, receiving the olfactory nerves.
33
Q

what parts of the anterior cranial fossa does the sphenoid bone occupy (with its lateral wings + anterior part of superior surface:

A
  • central + inferior
34
Q

nerves passing through the anterior cranial fossa of the base:

A
  • optic nerve
  • ophthalmic nerve through (both) optic canal in sphenoid bone
35
Q

middle cranial fossa (spheno-temporal): (delimitations)

A

posteriorly by the superior and posterior edges of the body of the sphenoid, the posterior clinoid processes, and the crest of the petrous part of the temporal bone

36
Q

structures of interest from front to back of middle cranial fossa (y’a des trucs qui font passer des veines)

A

slide 12

37
Q

on either side of the base of the sphenoid body, the 5 foraminas and the nerves passing through

A

o On either side of the base of the sphenoid body, we observe five foramina:
▪ The superior orbital fissure: Allows the passage of the ophthalmic
veins and cranial nerves entering the orbital cavity (III, IV, V1, VI, and sympathetic fibers).
▪ The foramen rotundum: Allows the passage of the maxillary nerve
(V2, the superior maxillary nerve).
▪ The foramen ovale: Allows the passage of the mandibular nerve
(V3, the inferior maxillary nerve) and a small accessory meningeal artery.
▪ The foramen spinosum: Allows the passage of the middle meningeal
vessels and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve.
▪ The carotid canal: Where the internal carotid artery enters.

38
Q

bounderies posterior cranial fossa ?

A
  • Temporo-occipital fossa, it is bounded anteriorly by the posterior edge of the
    anterior part of the petrous temporal bone and posteriorly by the occipital squama, which bears the groove of the transverse sinus.
39
Q

what do we find in the midline of the posterior fossa ? (front to back):

A

o The basilar part of the occipital bone fused to the sella turcica of the
sphenoid, forming what is called the clivus (basilar groove).
o The foramen magnum, through which pass the vertebral arteries, the
medullary junction (spinal cord), and the medullary part of cranial nerve XI
(accessory or spinal nerve).
o The internal occipital crest, which separates two large depressions on either side: the cerebellar fossae.
o The internal occipital protuberance

40
Q

what do we find on either side of the posterior fossa ? (from inside to outside):

A

o The lateral masses of the occipital bone with the opening of the anterior
condylar canal.
o The jugular foramen.
o The posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone with the
internal auditory canal, the arcuate fossa, and the aqueduct of the vestibule.
o Posteriorly, the cerebellar fossa of the occipital bone and the groove of the lateral sinus. This groove presents the mastoid foramen in its vertical
segment and the posterior condylar foramen in its terminal segment.

41
Q

obellion (location):

A

on the sagittal suture, located opposite the parietal foramina

42
Q

The suture of the parietal bone, the frontal bone, part of the greater wing of the sphenoid, and the squamous part of the temporal bone (forms H) =

A

pterion

43
Q

The junction of the parietal, occipital, and mastoid bones, located
behind the temporal fossa, is called the:

A

asterion

44
Q

bounderies of temporal fossa of exacranial face, calvaria:

A

▪ Superiorly, by the superior temporal line of the parietal bone, which continues anteriorly as the lateral crest of the frontal bone and the outer orbital process of this bone.
▪ Inferiorly, by the zygomatic arch.
▪ Anteriorly, by the posterior border of the zygomatic bone; this border is continuous superiorly with the outer orbital process and the lateral crest of the frontal bone.
- The inferior temporal line of the parietal bone crosses the temporal fossa and continues posteriorly with the temporal line
of the squamous part of the temporal bone, gradually disappearing anteriorly towards the anterior limit of the parietal
bone.

45
Q

the 2 lines that divide the exocranial base: (the 2 lines to separate the 3 parts of the exocranial base):

A
  • bizygomatic line (front)
  • bimastoid line (back)
46
Q

3 parts of exocranial base:

A
  • Facial part: located anteriorly, it includes the maxillary bones, zygomatic bones, and the palatine bone.
  • Middle part: the spheno-temporal region.
  • Posterior part: the temporo-occipital region.
47
Q

the anterior part of the exocranial base in bizygomatic line: (what it consists of):

A

o The alveolar arch.
o The hard palate, formed by the union of the horizontal plates of the two maxillae and the two palatine bones.
o The two choanae.

48
Q

if facial mass of anterior portion of exocranial base: (what do we find)

A

If the facial mass is removed, the facial region is composed of the ethmoid bone, the orbital-nasal part of the frontal bone, and the sphenoid bone.

49
Q

(anterior exocranial base) in midline from front to back it, if facial mass = removed features:

A

o The nasal notch of the frontal bone and the nasal spine of the frontal bone.
o The inferior surface of the ethmoid bone.
o The anterior surface of the sphenoid body and the openings of the sphenoid sinuses.
o The inferior surface of the sphenoid body

50
Q

on the sides (from front to back), in anterior exocranial base (when facial mass removed):

A

o The orbital fossae of the frontal bone.
o The inferior surface of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone.

51
Q

the middle part (spheno-temporal region) of exocranial base, along midline:

A

the basilar part of the occipital bone, which includes the pharyngeal tubercle
and the navicular fossa.

52
Q

in the middle part of exocranial base, on the sides:

A

there are roughened areas, depressions, projections, and foramina arranged irregularly. To aid in the
description, the lateral parts of the spheno-temporal region of the skull
base are divided by a line from the pterygoid process to the posterior
edge of the mastoid process into two triangular zones:
o The anterolateral or temporal triangle.
o The posteromedial or occipital triangle.

53
Q

anterolateral triangle (temporal region), consists of:

A
  • the inferior surface of the temporal bone and the angular posterior extremity of the greater wing of the sphenoid, temporal condyle, glenoid cavity, mastoid process, digastrc groove, juxta-mastoid eminence of the temporal bone.
  • the carotid foramen, the foramen rotundum + ovale = spinosum, jugular fossa, jugular process + styloid process
54
Q

anterolateral triangle (temporal region), from outside to inside, from front to back:

A
  • The temporal condyle and the glenoid cavity.
  • The mastoid process, the digastric groove, and the juxta-mastoid
    eminence of the temporal bone.
  • More medially, there are the projections, foramina, and depressions
    of the inferior surfaces of the petrous part of the temporal bone: the
    carotid foramen, the foramen rotundum (anterior), the foramina
    ovale and spinosum (posterior), the jugular fossa, the jugular
    process, and the styloid process.
55
Q

Posteromedial Triangle (Occipital Region) of exocranial base (what do we find):

A

one can see the lateral masses of the occipital bone, which include the condyles and the anterior and posterior condylar foramina.

56
Q

posterior part of exocranial base

A

This part is located behind the bimastoid line. Along the midline from front to back, it features:
* The foramen magnum.
* The external occipital crest.
* The external occipital protuberance, located at the end of the
occipital crest, in the middle of the occipital bone

57
Q

bones of the vault of the skull:

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
greater wings of sphenoid

58
Q

petrous part of the temporal bone is the one that plays the role of:

A

dampening the sound of the heartbeat

59
Q

nerves coming out of the vault (internal surface of the calvaria):

A
  • nerves: CN V: meningeal branches:
  • meningeal branches of ophthalmic nerve = through superior orbital fissure
  • meningeal branches of maxillary nerve: foramen rotundum
  • meningeal branches of mandibular nerve: formen spinosum
  • vagus + glossopharyngeal nerve: jugular foramen
60
Q

arteries coming out of the vault (internal surface of the calvaria):

A
  • middle meningeal artery: foramen spinosum
  • anterior + posterior meningeal artery: foramen magnum + ethmoidal foramina
61
Q

arteries coming out of the base of the skull:

A
  • vertebral (w their daughters basilar) arteries: foramen of magnum
  • internal carotid arteries: carotid canal
62
Q

nerves coming out of the base of the skull:

A
  • glossopharyngeal: jugular foramen
  • vagus nerve: also jugular foramen
  • accessory nerve: foramen magnum
  • hypoglossal: hypoglossal canal
63
Q

what is the cranial vault composed of:

A

formed by the parietal bone, the frontal bone, part of the greater wing of the sphenoid, and the squamous part of the temporal bone

64
Q

temporal fossa delimitations:

A

▪ Superiorly, by the superior temporal line of the parietal bone, which continues anteriorly as the lateral crest of the frontal bone and the outer orbital process of this bone.
▪ Inferiorly, by the zygomatic arch.
▪ Anteriorly, by the posterior border of the zygomatic bone; this border is continuous superiorly with the outer
orbital process and the lateral crest of the frontal bone.
▪ The inferior temporal line of the parietal bone crosses the temporal fossa and continues posteriorly with the temporal line of the squamous part of the temporal bone, gradually disappearing anteriorly towards the anterior limit of the parietal bone.

Anatomy (10 decks)

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