Osteology of the Head Flashcards
_____ is the superior part of the body that’s is attached to the trunk by the ____
Head
Neck
Head is composed of ____ and it’s ____ ,____ and ____
The brain
Protective coverings
The ears
The face
The _____(aka____) is the skeleton of the head.
Cranium
Skull
The skull consists of two parts, namely:
Neurocranium
Viscerocranium
Neurocranium is also known as
Cranial Vault
Cranium is the bony covering(case) of ____ and it’s membranous coverings,_____
Brain
Cranial meninges
Cranial vault also contains proximal parts of _____ and the ______ of the brain
Cranial nerves
Vasculature
The neurocranium has:
a _______ called _____(aka _____)
and a _____ or ______ (aka _______)
Dome-like roof
Calvaria(skull cap)
Floor or cranial base
Basicranium
The neurocranium In ADULTS is formed by a series of ____ bones.
Eight
In the neurocranium, _____ are singular bones and the other ____ set of bones occur as ______.
Four
Two
Bilateral pairs
The four singular bones of the neurocranium are,namely:
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal
Occipital
The two sets of bones in the neurocranium occurring as bilateral pairs are:
Temporal
Parietal
The ____ bone is an ____ bone that makes a relatively ____ , _____ contribution to the _____ but is primarily part of the ______
Ethmoid
Irregular
Minor, midline
Neurocranium
Viscerocranium
Viscerocranium is also known as
Facial skeleton
Viscerocranium comprises the ____ bones
Facial
Viscerocranium forms the ____ part of the cranium
Anterior
Viscerocranium consists of the bones surrounding the _____ ( ______ ) , ____ /____ cavity, most of the ____ ( aka _____ or _____).
Mouth (upper and lower jaw)
Nose/Nasal cavity
Orbits( Eye sockets or orbital cavities)
Viscerocranium consists of ____ , _____ bones
15
Irregular
In the viscerocranium , _____ are singular bones
Three
In the viscerocranium, ____ bones occur as bilateral pairs
6
The three singular bones in the viscerocranium are:
Mandible
Ethmoid
Vomer
The six bilateral paired bones of the viscerocranium are:
Maxillae
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Zygomatic
Palatine
Nasal
Lacrimal bones
The ____ and _____ house the teeths
Maxillae
Mandible
They provide sockets and supporting bone for the maxillary and mandibular teeth.
What bones have this function?
Maxillae
Mandible
The _____ contribute the greatest part of the ___ facial skeleton.
Maxillae
Upper
The maxillae form the skeleton of the ____ jaw.
Upper
The ______ is fixed to the cranial base.
Maxillae
The _____ forms the skeleton of the lower jaw.
Mandible
The mandible is _____ because it articulates with the cranial base at the ______ joints (TMJ)
Movable
Temporomandibular
Anterior or facial(frontal) aspect of the cranium features include:
Frontal bone
Zygomatic bones
Orbits
Nasal region
Maxillae
Mandible
The frontal bone is a ______ or _____ part
Squamous
Flat
Frontal bone forms the skeleton of the ______
Forehead
The frontal bone articulates _____ with nasal and ______ bones
Inferiorly
Zygomatic
The supraorbital margin can be found on what bone?
It has a ______(aka_____) for the passage of ________ and ____
Frontal bone
Supraorbital foramen or supraorbital notch
Supraorbital vessels and nerves
Just superior to the supraorbital margin is a ridge called ____
Superciliary arch
Between superciliary arches is a smooth, slightly depressed area called the _____
GLABELLA
The _______ is the anterior most projecting part of the forehead
Glabella
Just above the glabella is a point on the midline of the forehead called the _____
Ophryon
The _____ is the most anterior point on the midline of the mandible which is the most prominent part of the skin.
Pogonion
______ is a depressed area that marks the intersection of the ____ and _____ bones.
NASION
Frontal
Nasal
The frontal bone also articulates with the ______ ,______ and ______ bones.
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
The nasal region is made up of a pair of ____ bones which are joined together at ____ by the ______.
Nasal
Midline
Nasal Septum
A _____ shaped _____ aperture is _____ to these nasal bones
Pear
Piriform
Inferior
The bony _______ can be observed through this aperture dividing the nasal cavity into the right and left parts
Nasal septum
The _______ are curved bony plates found on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
Maxillae occur in _____
Pairs
The two maxillae are united at the _______ in the _____ plane
Intermaxillary suture
Median
Maxillae articulates with the _____ bone ______ and ______ bones _____
Frontal
Anteriorly
Zygomatic
Laterally
On the body of the maxillae is the ______.
This is for the passage of the ________ and ______
Infraorbital foramen
Infraorbital nerves and vessels
Mandible is a ___- shaped bone
U
The mandible’s _____ processes supports mandibular teeth.
Alveolar
The mandible consists of :
A horizontal part called ______
A ______ part called ______
Body
Vertical; Ramus
Inferior to the ________ is the mental ______ for the passage of ______
Second premolar teeth
Foramina
Mental nerves and vessels
The _____ of the mandible has a _____ swelling called the ______
Base
Midline
Mental Protuberance
The ______ are more pronounced _______ , _______ to the mental protuberance on either side.
Mental tubercles
Bumps
Lateral
Zygomatic bones are also known as, namely:
Cheek bone
Malar bone
On the ______ aspect of the zygomatic bone is a foramen called _______
Zygomaticofacial foramen
The zygomaticofacial foramen allows for the passage of the _____
Zygomaticofacial nerve
Zygomatic bone articulates with the ____ , _____ , ______ and _______ bones
Frontal
Sphenoidal
Maxillae
Temporal
Tooth sockets are also known as?
Alveoli; they are tooth sockets in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process.
The superior aspect of the skull is known as? (Hint: two points)
Calvaria
Skull cap
Bones forming the superior aspect of the skull include? State whether each bone is paired or unpaired..
MNEMONIC: FrOP
Frontal bone - unpaired
Parietal bones - paired
Occipital bone - unpaired
The outer surface of the skull possess a number of _____
Landmarks
The frontal bone articulates with the paired ______ bones at the _____ suture
Parietal
CORONAL
The two parietal bones articulate with each other at the _____suture
SAGITTAL
The paired parietal bones articulate with the occipital bone at the _____suture
LAMBDOID
The junction(intersection) between the coronal and sagittal sutures is called the
_______
Bregma
The junction(intersection) between the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture is called the _____
Lambda
The ______ is the most superior point of the skull near the _____ of the ______ suture
Vertex
Midpoint
Sagittal
The _____ foramen can be found on the parietal bone. It is variable.
Parietal
The parietal foramen allows for the passage of _____
Emissary veins
_____ is the region of the skull between the two parietal foramina where the closure of the sagittal suture usually _____
Obelion
Begins
List the types of fracture of the calvaria
Depressed fracture
Linear calvaria fractures
Comminuted fractures
Contrecoup(counterblow fracture)
The obliteration of sutures between the bones of the calvaria usually begins between the ages of ____ and ____ year’s on the ____ surface and approximately ____ years later on the ____ surface.
30;40
Internal
10
External
Obliteration of sutures usually begins at the _____ and continues sequentially in the _____ , _____ and _____ sutures.(Better Sleep Comfortably Low)
Bregma
Sagittal
Coronal
Lambdoid
In the skull of a newborn baby, the halves of the frontal bone in the ______ are separated by the _____ suture.
Newborn
Frontal
In the skull of a newborn baby,the ____ and _____ bones are separated by the coronal suture.
Frontal
Parietal
In the skull of a newborn baby, the maxillae are separated by the _____ suture
Intermaxillary
In the skull of a newborn baby, the mandible consists of ___ halves united in the ____ plane by the ______
Two
Median
Mandibular Symphysis
The union of the two halves of the mandible begins during the ____ year and the halves are fused by ______
1st year
end of the 2nd year
The mastoid process and styloid process are present at birth of a newborn baby.
True/False
False;both are absent.
The mastoid processes form gradually during the ____ year
1st
The bones of the calvaria of a newborn infant are separated by _____ intervals called _______
Membranous
Fontanelles
How many fontanelles are found in the skull of a newborn? List them:
Four fontanelles
Anterior fontanelle
Posterior fontanelle
Paired sphenoidal fontanelle
Paired mastoid fontanelle
______ fontanelle is the largest fontanelle
Anterior
Shape of the anterior fontanelle is _____ or _____ shaped.
Diamond or star
Anterior fontanelle is bounded by the halves of the ____ bone _____ and the ______ bones _____.
Frontal bone; anteriorly
Parietal bones; posteriorly
The anterior fontanelle is found at the junction of the _____ , ______ and ______ sutures. The future site of _____.
Sagittal
Coronal
Frontal
Bregma
By ____ of age, the surrounding bones have fused and the anterior fontanelle is no longer clinically palpable.
18 months
The union of the halves of the frontal bone of a newborn begins in the ___ year. In most cases, the frontal suture is obliterated by the ____ year.
2nd
8th
A remnant of the frontal suture persists called _____ .( NB: This is seen in approximately ____ of people)
Metopic suture
8%
The posterior fontanelle is _____ in shape.
Triangular
The posterior fontanelle is bounded by the _____ bones _____ and the _____ bone ______.
Parietal bones; anteriorly
Occipital bone; posteriorly
The posterior fontanelle is found at the junction of the ______ and _____ sutures. This is the future site of ______.
Sagittal
Lambdoid
Lambda
The posterior fontanelle begins to close during the ________ and by the end of the _____ year, it is small and no longer clinically palpable.
First few months after birth
1st
The sphenoidal and mastoid fontanelle are overlain by the _______ muscle
Temporal
The sphenoidal and mastoid fontanelles fuse during ______ and are less important clinically than the midline fontanelles.
Infancy
The halves of the mandible fuse early in the _____ year
2nd
The ______ and _____ bones usually do not fuse.
Two maxillae
Nasal bones
Name two factors that are responsible for the change in shape of the calvaria during birth.
Softness of the cranial bones in infants
Loose connections at the sutures and fontanelles of the cranial bone.
During the passage of the fetus through the birth canal, the halves of the frontal bone become _____ , the occipital bone is ______ and one parietal bone slightly overrides the other.
Flat
Drawn out
The ______ of the calvaria also permit the cranium to enlarge during infancy and childhood.
Fibrous sutures
The increase in the size of the calvaria is greatest during the ______ years, the period of the most rapid development.
First 2
The _____ years is the period of the most rapid brain development.
First 2
The calvaria normally increases in capacity for ___ - ___ years. After this, the calvaria usually increases slightly in size for ___ - ___ years as a result of ______.
15-16
3-4
Bone thickening
Explain craniosynostosis. It results in several ______.
It is the premature closure of the cranial sutures.
Cranial malformations.
______ is the premature closure of the sagittal suture, in which the ______ fontanelle is small or absent. It results in a long, narrow, _____- shaped cranium.
Scaphocephaly
Anterior
Wedge-shaped
Plagiocephaly is the premature closure of the _____ or _____ suture occurs on ____ side only.
Coronal or Lambdoid
One
_______(aka ______) is the premature closure of the _____ suture which results in a high, tower-like cranium.
Oxycephaly
Turricephaly
Coronal
Oxycephaly/Turricephaly is more common in ______.
Females
Premature closure of sutures usually does not affect brain development.
True/False
True
Lateral part of the skull consists the lateral part of the neurocranium and the lateral part of the viscerocranium. Name the bones from each part of the skull.
Viscerocranium: Nasal, maxilla, zygomatic bones and the mandible.
Neurocranium: the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid and temporal bones.
The main features of the neurocranial part are:
Temporal fossa
The external acoustic opening
Mastoid process of the temporal bone
The main features of the viscerocranium part:
Infratemporal fossa
Zygomatic arch
Lateral aspects of the maxilla and mandible
_____ is the junction where the frontal, parietal,______(specifically______) and _____ bone meet.
PTERION
PTERION is usually indicated by an ____- shaped formation of sutures.
H
How is the Pterion clinically important?
It overlies the middle meningeal artery. Fracture to the Pterion can rupture the anterior branch of this artery leading to hematoma which exerts pressure on the underlying cerebral cortex. An untreated meningeal artery can cause hemorrhage which can lead to death in a few hours.
The temporal bone(lateral aspect of the skull) articulates with the ______ of sphenoid at the ______ suture
Greater wing
Sphenosquamous suture
The lateral aspect of the temporal bone has a ______ which articulates with the zygomatic bone to form the ______
Zygomatic process
Zygomatic arch
The lateral aspect of the temporal bone has a tympanic part which has the _____
External acoustic meatus
The lateral aspect of the temporal bone has a _______ part which is usually separated into the petrous and mastoid part.
Petromastoid
A large bony prominence projects from the _____ border of the _____ part of the temporal bone called the __________
Inferior
Mastoid
Mastoid process
Medial to the mastoid process is the _____ process which projects from the _______ border of the temporal bone
Styloid process
Lower
The point where the superior temporal line cuts the _____ suture is called the ______
Coronal
Stephanion
The junction of three sutures is called the _____. Name the three sutures:
Asterion
Parietomastoid
Occipitomastoid
Lambdoid
Bones of the posterior part of the skull include:
Occipital bone
Parts of the parietal bones
Temporal bones(mastoid part)
The occipital bone is separated from the paired occipital bone by the _____ suture
Lambdoid suture
Along the Lambdoid suture are small bones called _____(aka ______)
Sutural or Wormian bones
At the posterior aspect of the skull is a midline projection called the _____
External occipital protuberance
At the posterior aspect of the skull, there are curved lines that extend laterally from the midline projection called the ______
Superior Nuchal lines
The most prominent part of the external occipital protuberance is the _____
Inion
About __ inch or ___cm below the nuchal lines are additional 2 likes called the _____ which curves ____
One(1) inch or 2.5cm
Inferior nuchal lines
Laterally
Extending downwards from the external occipital protuberance is the _______
External Occipital Crest
In between the mastoid and occipital bones is the _______ suture
Occipitomastoid
The obliteration of sutures between the bones of the calvaria usually begins between the ages ___ - ___ years on the _____ surface and approximately ____ years later on the _____ surface
30-40; Internal
10; external
The internal surface of the cranial base of the skull is called
Cranial fossa
There are ___, ____ depressions that lies at three different levels. Name them:
Three
Large
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Middle Cranial Fossa
Posterior Cranial Fossa
These three depressions of the internal surface of the cranial base form the ____-shaped floor of the cranial cavity
Bowl
The anterior Cranial Fossa is the _____ level(_____).
Highest; shallowest
The Posterior Cranial Fossa is at the ______ level(_____).
Lowest;Deepest
Sitting on the floor of the Anterior Cranial Fossa is _____ of the ______
Frontal lobes
Cerebral Hemispheres
Sitting on the floor of the lateral portion of the middle Cranial Fossa is the ________, and in the midline of the middle Cranial Fossa is the ______
Temporal lobe
Pituitary Gland
Sitting on the anterior portion of the floor of the posterior Cranial Fossa is the ______ which consists of _____ , ______ ,______ and occupying the rest of the posterior Cranial Fossa are the _______
Brainstem
Midbrain, Pons and Medulla Oblongata
Cerebellar Hemispheres
The occipital lobe sits on the floor of the posterior Cranial Fossa as well as the cerebellum.
True/False
False. The occipital lobe does not sit on the floor of the posterior Cranial Fossa. Only the cerebellum does.
Anterior Cranial Fossa is the shallowest of the three Cranial fossae
True/False
True
Anterior Cranial Fossa lodges the ______ lobe of the brain
Frontal lobe
Anterior Cranial Fossa is formed by ___ bones.
Three
Bones that form the anterior cranial Fossa:
______ bone- ______ and ______ directions
_______ bone- ______portion
____ parts of the ______ bone in the _____ portion
Frontal; anterior, lateral
Ethmoid; midline
2; Sphenoid, posterior
The part of the frontal bone in the anterior Cranial Fossa is the ______/_____
Orbital part or orbital surface
It takes most part of the frontal bone.
The ethmoid bone of the anterior Cranial Fossa is made up of:
A _____ which projects superiorly called the _____
A ____-like ________ plate of ethmoid which lies on each sides of this ridge
Ridge
Sieve;cribriform
The 2 parts of the Sphenoid bone in the anterior Cranial Fossa are:
The jugum; aka yoke of the body of the sphenoid bone
The lesser wing of sphenoid
The cribriform plate of ethmoid has numerous tiny ______ that transmits _______ nerves aka _______ from the olfactory area of the ______ to the _______ of the ______
Foramina
Olfactory nerves
Cranial nerves I (CN I)
Nasal Cavity
Olfactory bulb;brain
The frontal bone also has a bony _____ extension called the _____. At it’s base is the _______
Median
Frontal crest
Foramen cecum
The foramen cecum varies in size in different individuals and is frequently impervious(impenetrable); when open, it transmits the _______ from the ____ to the _______
Emissary vein
Nose
Superior Sagittal sinus
Clinical importance of foramen cecum
Infections of the nose and nearby areas can be transmitted to the meninges and brain.
Each lesser wing widens and curves ______ and ends as a rounded _____
Posteriorly
Anterior Clinoid process
Just _____ to each anterior clinoid process is a _____ opening in the lesser wing of the sphenoid called the ______
Anterior
Circular
Optic canal
Optic canal allows for the passage of:
Ophthalmic artery
Optic nerve aka Cranial nerve II to pass through as they exit the cranial cavity to enter the orbit
The optic canals are usually included in the Middle Cranial Fossa.
True/False
True
Middle Cranial Fossa is _____ shaped
Butterfly
Separating the anterior and midline cranial fossae are the sharp _______ laterally and the _____ centrally
Sphenoidal crests
Sphenoid limbus
The sphenoid limbus forms the _____ boundary of the ______ and the ______ boundary of the ________
Posterior;jugum
Anterior; prechiasmatic sulcus
The prechiasmatic sulcus is bounded posteriorly by the ______. It is a smooth groove stretching between the _______across the body of the sphenoid.
Tuberculum Sellae
Optic canals
The middle cranial Fossa is formed mainly by the:
Parts of the sphenoid bone
Parts of the temporal bone
The parts of the sphenoid involved are:
Sella Turcica(part of the body of the sphenoid)
Greater wings of sphenoid laterally
Sella Turcica has ____ parts
3
Sella turcica:
Anterior wall called the _______
Posterior wall called the ______
Deep central part lying between the anterior and posterior wall _______ and houses ______
Tuberculum sella
Dorsum sella
Hypophyseal fossa; pituitary gland
On each side of the body of sphenoid are _____ foramina perforating the roots of the greater wings namely:
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Superior orbital fissure is a _____ gap separates the _______ from the _______ of the sphenoid
Diagonal
Greater wing
Lesser wing
Superior orbital fissure allows for passage of:
Cranial nerves III, IV and VI (occulomotor, trochlear and Abducens nerves)
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Ophthalmic vein
Foramen rotundum allows for passage of the ______ division of the trigeminal nerve(CN V2)
Maxillary
Formans ovale allows for the passage of the ______ division of the trigeminal nerve(CN V3)
Mandibular
Foramen spinosum allows for the passage of the ______ and the _____
Middle meningeal artery
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
Parts of the temporal bone include:
______ part of the temporal bone laterally
Petrous part of the temporal bone ______
Squamous
Posteriorly
On the ____ part of the temporal bone are grooves for both _____ and ______ nerves
Petrous
Greater and lesser petrosal nerves
_____ to the hypophyseal Fossa is the foramen lacerum
Posterolateral
In life the foramen lacerum is closed by a ____
Cartilage plate
Only some _______and _____ are transmitted vertically through the cartilage
Meningeal arterial branches and small veins
The lateral parts of the middle Cranial Fossa support the _______lobes of the brim
Temporal lobes
The boundary between the middle and posterior Cranial fossae is the:
Superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone laterally
Flat plate of bone, the dorsum sellae of the sphenoid medially
Posterior Cranial Fossa is the _____ and ____ of the three Cranial Fossa
Largest and deepest
The posterior Cranial Fossa lodges the _____ (consisting of _____,______ and _____) and ______
Brainstem
Medulla Oblongata, Pons and midbrain
Cerebellum
The posterior Cranial Fossa is formed mainly by _____ and _____ bone
Occipital and temporal bone
The slope extending down from the dorsum sellae leading to the foramen _____ is called the _____
Magnum
Clivus
Posterior to the foramen magnum are _____ which accommodates the _____
Cerebellar fossae
Cerebellar hemispheres
The cerebellar fossae are partly divided by the ______ into ____ , _____ impression
Internal Occipital Crest
Bilateral concave
The internal occipital crest ends ______ in a bony prominence called the ______
Superiorly
Internal Occipital Protuberance
The internal Acoustic meatus allows the passage of ______ aka ______ and the ______ aka _____
Facial nerve ; CN VII
Vestibulochear nerve; CN VIII
Jugular foramen allows the passage of :
3 cranial nerves; CN IX, CN X, CN XI aka glossopharyngeal, Vagus and Accessory nerve
2 important venous structures, the dura venous sinuses, coming in from the posterior side is the SIGMOID SINUS and the anterior side is the INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUS
NB: These two sinuses enter the jugular foramen and when they emerge from the other side, they fuse together and once fused together, they are called the internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal canal is located superior to the _____ margin of the foramen ______ and allows for the passage of the ______ aka _____
Anterolateral
Magnum
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Foramen Magnum allows for the passage of :
(Hint:3 structures)
•The spinal cord which is continuous with the medullary Oblongata
•The two vertebral arteries
•The spinal continuation of accessory nerve, the spinal accessory nerve
