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BDS3 Anatomy > Osteology of Skull, Cervical Spine and Hyoid Bone > Flashcards

Osteology of Skull, Cervical Spine and Hyoid Bone Flashcards

1
Q

what does the skull house

A

brain
organs of special sense
upper part of resp and GI systems

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2
Q

what are bones joined by

A

sutures

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3
Q

what is a suture

A

fibrous joint

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4
Q

sutures don’t move but what are the 2 exceptions of this

A

TMJ
atlantooccipital joint

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5
Q

function of skull

A

protects ; bran, brainstem, cranial nerves and vasculature
provides attachment for muscles
framework for head
gives identity

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6
Q

3 types of bones in skull

A

flat
irregular
pneumatised

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7
Q

difference between flat and irregular bones

A

flat = intramembranous ossification
irregular = endochondral ossification

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8
Q

what classifies a bone as pneumatised

A

bone w air space
these reduce weight of skull and add resonance to our voice

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9
Q

divisions of the skull

A

neurocranium - top
viscerocranium(facial skeleton) - bottom

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10
Q

describe the neurocranium

A

bony case of brain w skullcap and cranial base
contains meninges
made of flat and irregular bones

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11
Q

describe the viscerocranium

A

ant cranium where bones surround the oral/nasal cavities and most of orbit
made of pneumatised bone

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12
Q

which part of the skull is made of both the neuro and viscerocranium

A

the orbit

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13
Q

what are the 8 bones of the neurocranium

A

2 parietal
2 temporal
frontal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid - contributes to both

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14
Q

what are the 14 bones of the viscerocranium

A

ethmoid (this makes it 15 if on this list and not the neuro list)
vomer
mandible
2 maxilla
2 lacrimal
2 nasal
2 palatine
2 inferior nasal concha
2 zygomatic

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15
Q

which bone can be on both viscero and neurocranium

A

ethmoid

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16
Q

norma lateralis

A

lateral view - from side

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17
Q

temporal fossa borders

A

superior and post = superior and inferior temporal lines
anterior = frontal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of frontal bone
inferior = infratemporal crest deep to zygomatic arch
floor = includes pterion

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18
Q

what is the temporal fossa

A

large depression on side of skull where temporalis muscle and temporal faschia attaches

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19
Q

pterion

A

H-shape junction of cranial bones
temporal, sphenoid(greater wing), frontal, parietal
weak point - injury

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20
Q

why does injury at the pterion lead to extradural haematoma

A

at the pterion overlies the anterior branch of meningeal artery
extradural haematoma = a bleed between dura and skull

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21
Q

what is the vertex (landmark)

A

superior point of neurocranium centred in middle

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22
Q

what is the bregma (landmark)

A

junction of saggital and coronal suture

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23
Q

what is the lambda (landmark)

A

junction of saggital and lambdoid suture

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24
Q

what is the inion (landmark)

A

most prominent point of occipital protuberance (back of skull)

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25
Q

what is the asterion (landmark)

A

star shaped junction of 3 sutures between parietal, occipital and temporal bones

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26
Q

what is the glabella (landmark)

A

superior to root of nose between the brows(pracillary arches)
most anterior projecting part of forehead

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27
Q

pracillary arches

A

brows

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28
Q

what is the nasion (landmark)

A

where fontal nasal and inter nasal sutures meet

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29
Q

Frankfurt horizontal plane / orbitameatal plane

A

skull orientated so a horizontal line can be drawn between between superior margin of external acoustic meatus and the inferior margin of orbit

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30
Q

method of identifying pterion/middle meningeal artery on someone

A

4cm above midpoint of zygomatic arch
3cm posterior to frontal process of zygomatic bone

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31
Q

norma verticalis

A

superior view - from above

32
Q

norma occipitalis

A

posterior view - from behind

33
Q

sutural/ accessory/wormian bone

A

islands of bone along sutures (mainly lambdoid)

34
Q

why do we have fontanelles

A

moulding of cranial shape during birth
post natal growth of brain

35
Q

when does the anterior fontanelle close

A

18 months

36
Q

when is the posterior fontanelle no longer palpable

A

1 year

37
Q

what are the 4 types of fontanelle

A

anterior
posterior
2 sphenoid
2 mastoid

38
Q

when does the frontal suture fuse

A

starts when 2 finishes when 8

39
Q

when does the mental symphysis fuse

A

early in second year of life

40
Q

what is a fontanelle

A

fibrous area

41
Q

norma frontalis

A

frontal view - straight onto face

42
Q

periform aperture

A

pear shape opening of nose hole

43
Q

contents of periform aperture

A

bony nasal septum
inferior nasal concha

44
Q

where is the smooth flabella

A

superior to the nasion

45
Q

which bones make up the orbit

A

frontal
sphenoid
zygomatic
maxilla
lacrimal
ethmoid

46
Q

what does the orbit contain

A

superior and inferior orbital fissures
orbital canal

47
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A

frontal
maxillary
ethmoid cells
(found in pneumatised bones)

48
Q

norma basalis

A

inferior external view - from below without mandible - cranial base

49
Q

where is the carotid canal and what is it for

A

temporal bone
provides a path for the anterior carotid artery

50
Q

where is the jugular foramen and what is it for

A

temporal bone
provides path for IJV and CN9,10,11 pass through

51
Q

where is the foramen magnum and what is it for

A

occipital bone
pathway for spinal cord, meninges, meningeal and spinal arteries, spinal root of the accessory nerve

52
Q

where is the hypoglossal canal and what is it for

A

inside aspect of occipital bone
carries CN12 hypoglossal

53
Q

where is the foramen spinosum and what is it for

A

sphenoid bone
small opening in foramen ovale which carries the middle meningeal artery, vein and meningeal branch of CNV3

54
Q

where is the foramen ovale and what is it for

A

sphenoid bone
CNV3 and middle meningeal artery exit skull here

55
Q

where are the greater and lesser palatine foramen

A

horizontal plate of palatine bone

56
Q

what is the foramen lacerum

A

artefact of dry bone closed by cartilage which the ICA and sympathetic+venous plexuses pass over
small branches of middle meningeal pass through it

57
Q

features of cervical spine

A

7 vertebrae
concave posteriorly
allows lateral flexion and rotation

58
Q

ligamentum nuchae

A

attaches : external occipital protuberance and foramen magnum -> spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae

59
Q

parts of the transverse process

A

anterior tubercle
posterior tubercle
foramen transversarium - only in C vertebrae

60
Q

which vertebrae have bifid spinous process

A

C2-6

61
Q

what is the superior articular facet for

A

connecting with the above and below vertebrae

62
Q

vertebra prominens

A

C7 - where ligamentum nuchae connects to the non bifid elongated spinous process

63
Q

what passes throuhg the transverse foramen

A

BV
except in C7 - artery doesn’t pass through so its smaller

64
Q

vertebral foramen - shape, location and what passes through

A

large trianglular in shape - in all vertebrae
spinal cord passes through

65
Q

difference in atlas to typical vertebrae

A

non bifid spinous process - its a tubercle
no body / lamina
anterior and posterior arches instead
only one posterior tubercle
facets articulate w occipital condyles of skull and dens of C2

66
Q

difference in axis to typical vertebrae

A

dens / odontoid process which acts as a axis for the atlas and atlantooccipital joint
large flat articular surface facets where the atlas is able to rotate

67
Q

what is the atlanto-occipital joint

A

between articular surfaces of atlas (C1) and occipital condyles (skull)

68
Q

what is the atlanto-axial joint

A

between transverse ligament and facet in ant arch of atlas (C1) and dens and articular facets of axis (C2)

69
Q

what are alar ligaments

A

connect dens to occipital condyles + the cranium to the atlas and to prevent excessive rotation of head and neck
run from side of dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum

70
Q

what level of vertebrae is the hyoid bone at

A

C3

71
Q

what does the hyoid connect to by muscles and ligaments

A

mandible
styloid process
thyroid cartilage
manubrium
scapulae
connects oral cavity to pharynx posteriorly and larynx inferiorly

72
Q

structure of hyoid bone

A

U shaped
2 greater horns - joined by body
2 lesser horns

73
Q

parietal eminence

A

most prominent part of the parietal bon from the superior view of skull

74
Q

parietal foramen

A

at back and centre of parietal bones one on each bone for veins

75
Q

where sis the superior nuchal line

A

on the occipital bone near the external occipital protuberance

76
Q

which bone contains the external acoustic meatus

A

temporal

BDS3 Anatomy (11 decks)

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