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BDS3 Anatomy > Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cerebral cortex made of

A

6 layers of neural cell bodies - grey matter

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2
Q

4 lobes of brain

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

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3
Q

4 divisions of the frontal lobe

A

pre frontal cortex
pre motor cortex (somatic motor association area)
primary motor cortex
broca’s area

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4
Q

2 divisions of the parietal lobe cortex

A

primary somaticosensory cortex
posterior parietal area / somaticosensory association area

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5
Q

2 divisions of the occipital lobe

A

visual cortex
visual association area

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6
Q

3 divisions of the temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex
auditory association area
wernicke’s area

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7
Q

what sulcus is the visual cortex around

A

calcarine sulcus

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8
Q

what does the central sulcus divide

A

the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) of the frontal lobe and the primary somaticosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) of the parietal lobe

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9
Q

what sulcus does the calcarine sulcus meet

A

the parieto-occipital sulcus

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10
Q

function of the prefrontal cortex

A

decision making
depth of feeling
personality
complex planning
problem solving

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11
Q

function of the pre-motor cortex

A

movement of the contralateral limb

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12
Q

function of the primary motor cortex

A

controls voluntary movements - plans, controls, executes

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13
Q

which divisions of the cerebral cortex have areas specifically associated with specific parts of the body

A

primary motor cortex and priamry somaticosensory cortex

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14
Q

how big an area of the primary motor cortex is associated to areas of body based on what

A

the skill of the movement not muscle mass

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15
Q

how big an area of the primary somaticosensory cortex is associated to areas of body based on what

A

increased fine movement and sensory fibres

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16
Q

function of the primary somaticosensory cortex

A

tactile sensation
conscious perception of taste, touch, vibration, pain, temp

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17
Q

function of the somaticosensory association area

A

integration of all sensory info from all other association areas to give spatial perception/attention

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18
Q

function of the visual cortex

A

conscious perception of visual info from the thalamus
info from temporal half of retina is ipsilateral and from the nasal half of retina it is contralateral

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19
Q

damage to the visual association area causes

A

see letters as symbols not words

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20
Q

what is the function of broca’s area

A

speech - producing words

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21
Q

what is broca’s aphasia

A

can understand words but can’t make own words, cant name objects, affects writing

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22
Q

function of wernicke’s area

A

comprehension of language - understanding words

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23
Q

what is wernicke’s aphasia

A

can speak but don’t understand words so = word salad

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24
Q

what is Wernicke’s aphasia

A

can speak but don’t understand words so = word salad

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25
what is the function of the auditory cortex
hearing tone, pitch speech, words
26
what are the other functions of the temporal lobe
long term memory formation visual perception and recognition processing olfactory stimuli
27
where is the insula
under the operculum / lateral sulcus
28
operculum
where temporal, frontal and parietal bones meet
29
which lobe is the insula
fifth / part of temporal
30
functions of the insula
olfactory connections anterior insula - speech posterior insula - integrated touch, vision and hearing info
31
what is the diencephalon
epithalamus + hypothalamus + thalamus central core of brain
32
what joins the 2 cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
33
which hemisphere does complex functions
dominant
34
which hemisphere does non-verbal fucntions
non dom
35
another name for insula
island of reil
36
what is included in the limbic lobe (internal)
hippocampus, fornix and amygdaa
37
what does the cerebral cortex control
personality voluntary movement interpretation of imulses from sensory organs - visual - auditory memory intelligence
38
what joins the cerebellums
vermis
39
what are the folds of cerebellum called
folia
40
function of cerebellum
balance
41
order of brainstem from middle to post cranial fossa
midbrain pons medulla oblongata
42
which CN exit at midbrain
occulomotor and trochlear
43
which CN exits at the pons
trigeminal
44
which CN exits at the junction of pons and medulla
abducens facial vestibulocochlear
45
which CN exits at the medulla
glossopharyngeal vagus hypoglossal
46
describe the anatomy of the corpus callosum
anterior genu connected to posterior splenium by body has an inferior rostrum
47
what is the corpus callosum made of
white mater - myelinated axons
48
what is corona radiata
fibres of white mater which run from the cortex to the brain superior continuation of the internal capsule
49
anatomy of the internal capsule
V shape white mater ant limb joined to post limb by genu post limb extends slightly past the lentiform nucleus to form retro-lentiform internal capsule
50
how do fibres run through and to the internal capsule
thalamus to cortex cortex to thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord
51
what makes the lentiform nucleus
putamen globus pallidus
52
what is the corpus striatum
caudate, putamen and globus pallidus
53
what is the striatum
caudate and putamen
54
what joins the 2 thamalmus'
interthalamic adhesion across third ventricle
55
main features on a coronal section of brain
basal nuclei : putamen globus pallidus caudate substantia nigra subthalamic nucleus
56
what are basal nuclei/ganglia made of and where are they located
grey mater deep between corona radiata and brainstem
57
are basal nuclei sensory or motor
motor mainly
58
function of the basal nuclei
involuntary smooth muscle movements define information before it goes to thalamus
59
disease of the basal ganglia
Parkinson's / Huntington's - loss of control of smooth muscle movements and can't stop unnecessary antagonist movements
60
main things seen in a saggital section
corpus callosum parieto-occipital sulcus calcarine sulcus central sulcus corona radiata thalamus
61
what is the main thing seen on a mid saggital section and where is it located
hypothalamus inferior and anterior to the thalamus
62
what is the hypothalamus and its function
neuroendocrine organ maintains homeostasis by controlling autonomic sytsems / the release of H from pituitary
63
main things seen from a transverse section
corpus callosum caudate internal capsule lentiform nucleus thalamus insula
64
what separates the lateral ventricles
septum pellucidum
65
describe the ventricular system
lateral ventricles connect to the third through the interventricular foramen third connects to fourth through the cerebral aqueduct which runs through midbrain CSF exit fourth through lateral and median apertures where is goes into subarachnoid space and circulates before it is absorbed back into the venous system through arachnoid vili and granulations and then drains into the venous sinus
66
lateral or median aperture blockage
CSF accumulates causing ventricle distension - hydrocephalus and compression of hemispheres
67
what to choroidal epithelial cells produce and what rate
CSF 400-500ml/d found in every ventricle in a choroid plexus
68
function of ventricles
brain protection buoyancy so the weight of brain doesn't compress CN roots and BV
69
how are the hypothalamus and pituitary connected
infundibulum - pituitary stalk
70
functions of pituitary gland
endocrine - hormones released GH thyroid stimulating H, follicle stimulating H autonomic - monitors and regulates bodily function with the hormones it releases as it sends these as messages to autonomic NS
71
anatomy of pituitary gland
continuous with hypothalamus inferiorly sits in pituitary fossa in middle cranial fossa and sella turcica covered by diaparama which leaves and opening for the infundibulum anterior (optic chiasm) and posterior pituitary
72
acromegaly cause, symptoms and untreated
causes by overproduction of GH - pituitary tumour hands, feet, tongue, lips, nose, jaw larger untreated - high BP, diabetes, sleep apnoea
73
spinal cord start and end
foramen magnum as a continuation of brainstem L1/2 vertebrae in adults - conus medullaris continues from here as filum terminale which anchors spinal cord to coccyx
74
enlargements of the spinal cord
C4-T1 - cervical enlargement for brachial plexus - arm T11-S1 - lumbosacral enlargement for lumbosacral plexus - leg
75
anatomy of spinal cord
grey mater : ventral - ant - motor horn dorsal - post - sensory horn lateral horn central canal filled with CSF white mater ventral column lateral column dorsal column post median sulcus ant median fissure
76
protection of the spinal cord
3 meninges : dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater spinal cord
77
spinal epidural space
not in brain - separates dura from bony vertebral canal and is filled w fatty tissue
78
where can CSF be safely accessed
subarachnoid space of spinal cord
79
what is a denticulate ligament
formed of pia mater between the post and ant roots of spinal nerves projects through arachnoid to dura to help anchor spinal cord within subarachnoid space
80
course of spinal nerves
ventral rootlet exits ventral horn dorsal rootlet exits dorsal horn become dorsal and ventral roots these combine to become a mixed SN ventral rami to myotomes dorsal rami to corresponding dermatomes
81
which SN doesnt have a dermatome
C1
82
how are SN numbered
Cervical are named after the cervical vertebrae before them bar C8 as there is only 7 cervical vertebrae by 8 cervical SN the rest are named after the vertebrae above them
83
anatomy of the anterior medulla
pyramids olives decussation of pyramids anterior median fissure
84
where is the crus cerebri located
anterior midbrain
85
neural path when finger touches flame
synapses in spinal ganglia synapses in thalamus reaches cerebral cortex UMN internal capsule medulla anterior and lateral corticospinal tract LMN action

BDS3 Anatomy (11 decks)

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