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BDS3 Anatomy > Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cerebral cortex made of

A

6 layers of neural cell bodies - grey matter

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2
Q

4 lobes of brain

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

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3
Q

4 divisions of the frontal lobe

A

pre frontal cortex
pre motor cortex (somatic motor association area)
primary motor cortex
broca’s area

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4
Q

2 divisions of the parietal lobe cortex

A

primary somaticosensory cortex
posterior parietal area / somaticosensory association area

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5
Q

2 divisions of the occipital lobe

A

visual cortex
visual association area

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6
Q

3 divisions of the temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex
auditory association area
wernicke’s area

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7
Q

what sulcus is the visual cortex around

A

calcarine sulcus

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8
Q

what does the central sulcus divide

A

the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) of the frontal lobe and the primary somaticosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) of the parietal lobe

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9
Q

what sulcus does the calcarine sulcus meet

A

the parieto-occipital sulcus

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10
Q

function of the prefrontal cortex

A

decision making
depth of feeling
personality
complex planning
problem solving

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11
Q

function of the pre-motor cortex

A

movement of the contralateral limb

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12
Q

function of the primary motor cortex

A

controls voluntary movements - plans, controls, executes

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13
Q

which divisions of the cerebral cortex have areas specifically associated with specific parts of the body

A

primary motor cortex and priamry somaticosensory cortex

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14
Q

how big an area of the primary motor cortex is associated to areas of body based on what

A

the skill of the movement not muscle mass

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15
Q

how big an area of the primary somaticosensory cortex is associated to areas of body based on what

A

increased fine movement and sensory fibres

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16
Q

function of the primary somaticosensory cortex

A

tactile sensation
conscious perception of taste, touch, vibration, pain, temp

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17
Q

function of the somaticosensory association area

A

integration of all sensory info from all other association areas to give spatial perception/attention

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18
Q

function of the visual cortex

A

conscious perception of visual info from the thalamus
info from temporal half of retina is ipsilateral and from the nasal half of retina it is contralateral

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19
Q

damage to the visual association area causes

A

see letters as symbols not words

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20
Q

what is the function of broca’s area

A

speech - producing words

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21
Q

what is broca’s aphasia

A

can understand words but can’t make own words, cant name objects, affects writing

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22
Q

function of wernicke’s area

A

comprehension of language - understanding words

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23
Q

what is wernicke’s aphasia

A

can speak but don’t understand words so = word salad

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24
Q

what is Wernicke’s aphasia

A

can speak but don’t understand words so = word salad

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25
Q

what is the function of the auditory cortex

A

hearing
tone, pitch
speech, words

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26
Q

what are the other functions of the temporal lobe

A

long term memory formation
visual perception and recognition
processing olfactory stimuli

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27
Q

where is the insula

A

under the operculum / lateral sulcus

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28
Q

operculum

A

where temporal, frontal and parietal bones meet

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29
Q

which lobe is the insula

A

fifth / part of temporal

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30
Q

functions of the insula

A

olfactory connections
anterior insula - speech
posterior insula - integrated touch, vision and hearing info

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31
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

epithalamus + hypothalamus + thalamus
central core of brain

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32
Q

what joins the 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

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33
Q

which hemisphere does complex functions

A

dominant

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34
Q

which hemisphere does non-verbal fucntions

A

non dom

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35
Q

another name for insula

A

island of reil

36
Q

what is included in the limbic lobe (internal)

A

hippocampus, fornix and amygdaa

37
Q

what does the cerebral cortex control

A

personality
voluntary movement
interpretation of imulses from sensory organs
- visual
- auditory
memory
intelligence

38
Q

what joins the cerebellums

A

vermis

39
Q

what are the folds of cerebellum called

A

folia

40
Q

function of cerebellum

A

balance

41
Q

order of brainstem from middle to post cranial fossa

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

42
Q

which CN exit at midbrain

A

occulomotor and trochlear

43
Q

which CN exits at the pons

A

trigeminal

44
Q

which CN exits at the junction of pons and medulla

A

abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear

45
Q

which CN exits at the medulla

A

glossopharyngeal
vagus
hypoglossal

46
Q

describe the anatomy of the corpus callosum

A

anterior genu connected to posterior splenium by body
has an inferior rostrum

47
Q

what is the corpus callosum made of

A

white mater - myelinated axons

48
Q

what is corona radiata

A

fibres of white mater which run from the cortex to the brain
superior continuation of the internal capsule

49
Q

anatomy of the internal capsule

A

V shape
white mater
ant limb joined to post limb by genu
post limb extends slightly past the lentiform nucleus to form retro-lentiform internal capsule

50
Q

how do fibres run through and to the internal capsule

A

thalamus to cortex
cortex to thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord

51
Q

what makes the lentiform nucleus

A

putamen
globus pallidus

52
Q

what is the corpus striatum

A

caudate, putamen and globus pallidus

53
Q

what is the striatum

A

caudate and putamen

54
Q

what joins the 2 thamalmus’

A

interthalamic adhesion across third ventricle

55
Q

main features on a coronal section of brain

A

basal nuclei :
putamen
globus pallidus
caudate
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus

56
Q

what are basal nuclei/ganglia made of and where are they located

A

grey mater
deep between corona radiata and brainstem

57
Q

are basal nuclei sensory or motor

A

motor mainly

58
Q

function of the basal nuclei

A

involuntary smooth muscle movements

define information before it goes to thalamus

59
Q

disease of the basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s / Huntington’s - loss of control of smooth muscle movements and can’t stop unnecessary antagonist movements

60
Q

main things seen in a saggital section

A

corpus callosum
parieto-occipital sulcus
calcarine sulcus
central sulcus
corona radiata
thalamus

61
Q

what is the main thing seen on a mid saggital section and where is it located

A

hypothalamus
inferior and anterior to the thalamus

62
Q

what is the hypothalamus and its function

A

neuroendocrine organ
maintains homeostasis by controlling autonomic sytsems / the release of H from pituitary

63
Q

main things seen from a transverse section

A

corpus callosum
caudate
internal capsule
lentiform nucleus
thalamus
insula

64
Q

what separates the lateral ventricles

A

septum pellucidum

65
Q

describe the ventricular system

A

lateral ventricles connect to the third through the interventricular foramen
third connects to fourth through the cerebral aqueduct which runs through midbrain
CSF exit fourth through lateral and median apertures where is goes into subarachnoid space and circulates before it is absorbed back into the venous system through arachnoid vili and granulations and then drains into the venous sinus

66
Q

lateral or median aperture blockage

A

CSF accumulates causing ventricle distension - hydrocephalus and compression of hemispheres

67
Q

what to choroidal epithelial cells produce and what rate

A

CSF 400-500ml/d
found in every ventricle in a choroid plexus

68
Q

function of ventricles

A

brain protection
buoyancy so the weight of brain doesn’t compress CN roots and BV

69
Q

how are the hypothalamus and pituitary connected

A

infundibulum - pituitary stalk

70
Q

functions of pituitary gland

A

endocrine - hormones released GH thyroid stimulating H, follicle stimulating H
autonomic - monitors and regulates bodily function with the hormones it releases as it sends these as messages to autonomic NS

71
Q

anatomy of pituitary gland

A

continuous with hypothalamus inferiorly
sits in pituitary fossa in middle cranial fossa and sella turcica
covered by diaparama which leaves and opening for the infundibulum
anterior (optic chiasm) and posterior pituitary

72
Q

acromegaly cause, symptoms and untreated

A

causes by overproduction of GH - pituitary tumour
hands, feet, tongue, lips, nose, jaw larger
untreated - high BP, diabetes, sleep apnoea

73
Q

spinal cord start and end

A

foramen magnum as a continuation of brainstem

L1/2 vertebrae in adults - conus medullaris
continues from here as filum terminale which anchors spinal cord to coccyx

74
Q

enlargements of the spinal cord

A

C4-T1 - cervical enlargement for brachial plexus - arm
T11-S1 - lumbosacral enlargement for lumbosacral plexus - leg

75
Q

anatomy of spinal cord

A

grey mater :
ventral - ant - motor horn
dorsal - post - sensory horn
lateral horn
central canal filled with CSF

white mater
ventral column
lateral column
dorsal column
post median sulcus
ant median fissure

76
Q

protection of the spinal cord

A

3 meninges :
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
spinal cord

77
Q

spinal epidural space

A

not in brain - separates dura from bony vertebral canal and is filled w fatty tissue

78
Q

where can CSF be safely accessed

A

subarachnoid space of spinal cord

79
Q

what is a denticulate ligament

A

formed of pia mater between the post and ant roots of spinal nerves
projects through arachnoid to dura to help anchor spinal cord within subarachnoid space

80
Q

course of spinal nerves

A

ventral rootlet exits ventral horn
dorsal rootlet exits dorsal horn

become dorsal and ventral roots

these combine to become a mixed SN

ventral rami to myotomes
dorsal rami to corresponding dermatomes

81
Q

which SN doesnt have a dermatome

A

C1

82
Q

how are SN numbered

A

Cervical are named after the cervical vertebrae before them bar C8 as there is only 7 cervical vertebrae by 8 cervical SN

the rest are named after the vertebrae above them

83
Q

anatomy of the anterior medulla

A

pyramids
olives
decussation of pyramids anterior median fissure

84
Q

where is the crus cerebri located

A

anterior midbrain

85
Q

neural path when finger touches flame

A

synapses in spinal ganglia
synapses in thalamus
reaches cerebral cortex
UMN
internal capsule
medulla
anterior and lateral corticospinal tract
LMN
action

BDS3 Anatomy (11 decks)

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