Osteology, Myology and Arthrology

Question 1

What are the 5 classifications of bones?

Answer 1

1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones
5. Sesamoid bones

Question 2

What is the long stretch of bone called?

Answer 2

Diaphysis

Question 3

What is the part of bone that’s located near the extremities?

Answer 3

Epiphysis

Question 4

What is the region between the diaphysis and epiphysis?

Answer 4

Metaphysis

Question 5

Where do most infections, fractures, metastasis and effects of endocrine bone disorders occur?

Answer 5

Metaphysis, growth plate region

Question 6

What is an example of genetic bone disorders that cause a stunt in growth of the long bones?

Answer 6

Chondrodystrophy (dachshunds)

Question 7

What is the outer layer of bone called that contains a rich blood supply and contains osteoprogenitor cells?

Answer 7

Periosteum

Question 8

What is the inner lining surface of bones?

Answer 8

Endosteum

Question 9

What bones have equal dimensions and only one center of ossification?

Answer 9

Short bones

ex: carpal bones and sesamoid bones

Question 10

What type of bone would be present when extensive protection or large muscle attachment is necessary?

Answer 10

Flat bones

ex: scapula and skull bones

Question 11

What kind of bone is short with many processes?

Answer 11

Irregular bones

ex: vertebrae

Question 12

What are the three functions of sesamoid bones?

Answer 12

1. eliminates tendon shear
2. increases torque
3. redirects line of force

Question 13

What are the two types of blood supply for long bones?

Answer 13

Nutritional vessels and periosteal blood vessels

Question 14

What does a nutritional vessel pass through?

Answer 14

A foramen

Question 15

What do the periosteal blood vessels supply?

Answer 15

The outer, cortical bone

Question 16

What is the epimysium?

Answer 16

The outer most connective tissue that holds the muscle belly
Functions to keep muscles together

Question 17

What is the perimysium?

Answer 17

Divides muscles into smaller units-muscle fasciles

Extends from the epimysium into the muscle

Question 18

What is the endomysium?

Answer 18

Envelopes individual muscle fibers

Extends from the perimysium

Question 19

What is a synovial bursae?

Answer 19

fluid filled bag positioned between a tendon and bony process
**gives one sided protection of muscle tendons

Question 20

What is a synovial sheath?

Answer 20

Synovial fluid filled sacs surrounding muscle tendons

**seen when a greater part of the tendon is vulnerable

Question 21

Immovable joints are classified as being ______?

Answer 21

Synarthrotic

Question 22

Semimovable joints are classified as being _______?

Answer 22

Ampiarthrotic

Question 23

Free moving joings are classified as being ______?

Answer 23

Diarthrotic

Question 24

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

Answer 24

Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint

Question 25

Describe a fibrous joint.

Answer 25

Strong fibrous connective tissue (dense irregular) between articulating bones (little to no movement)

Question 26

What are three example of fibrous joints?

Answer 26

Suture: seams of bones of skull
Gomphosis: peg & socket attachment (seen in the teeth)
Syndesmosis: bones joined by interosseus ligaments
(Ex: radius, ulna, tibia, and fibula)

Question 27

Describe a cartilaginous joint.

Answer 27

Cartilage between articulating bones

Ex: hyaline/fibrocartilage

Question 28

What are the two classifications of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 28

Synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage union, stronger and less mobile (ex: metaphysial growth plates)
Symphysis: occurs in the midline of the body, bend and flex but don’t rotate on axis (ex: pelvic symphysis, intervertebral discs)

Question 29

Describe a synovial joint.

Answer 29

Joint cavity between articulating bones lined with synovial membrane, they have free movement (diarthrotic)

Question 30

What are the accessory structures of the synovial joint?

Answer 30

Meniscus, ligaments and fat pads